Dolphin Kick Gives Swimmers Edge

On Friday, Michael Phelps plans to swim for another gold medal at the Beijing Olympics. When he does, watch his feet in those underwater camera shots. He kicks like a dolphin at the start of his races and at the turns.

The kick is one reason why the American star is better than most other swimmers.

In last year's world championships, Phelps shattered the world record in the 200-meter freestyle race, beating out Pieter van den Hoogenband of the Netherlands by a length and a half.

Until the final turn, the race between Phelps and van den Hoogenband was much closer. But Phelps came out of the turn underwater, undulating his outstretched body like a whip.

NBC swimming analyst and Olympic gold medalist Rowdy Gaines had been watching Phelps and his technique for years.

"He's one that can hold that kick longer than anybody else, especially in that last turn," Gaines said. "... Everybody's popping up to the surface, and he's still underwater taking that dolphin kick. That's his most dangerous weapon."

An Explanation In Fluid Dynamics

That dolphin kick has actually been the subject of scientific study by an expert in fluid dynamics.

Rajat Mittal, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the George Washington University, was studying dolphins for the U.S. Navy five years ago.

"We were asked to understand how fish swim so efficiently," Mittal says, "and it seemed like a natural extension to apply this to human swimming."

So Mittal and his colleagues contacted USA Swimming and learned that the group had the same interest, especially when it came to the dolphin kick.

They decided to "essentially compare these swimmers to the dolphin, assuming that the dolphin is the ultimate swimmer," Mittal says. "And the thing that we found is that Michael [Phelps] is able to use his body in a way that is very, very different from the other athletes, and also seems to be much closer to dolphins than we have seen for any other swimmer."

The 'Berkoff Blastoff'

The dolphin kick first hit Olympic swimming big-time 20 years ago, after Harvard backstroker David Berkoff figured out something fundamental.

"It seemed pretty obvious to me that kicking underwater seemed to be a lot faster than swimming on the surface," Berkoff says.

That's because there's turbulence and air on the surface of the water, and they create resistance. The "Berkoff Blastoff," as it was called, was used at the start and after turns, with long stretches of that underwater undulating kick.

"I probably wouldn't have made the Olympic team," Berkoff says. "I probably would have been a good backstroker but not a great one. It was something that really kind of changed the way backstroke was swum."

Berkoff won four Olympic medals with the kick, which others applied to other strokes. Swimming officials eventually imposed a limit of 15 meters underwater.

It's All In The Feet

Many use the kick now, but none as efficiently as Phelps, in part because of his size 14 feet, researcher Mittal believes.

"Almost 90 percent of all the thrust is coming from the foot," Mittal says. "And the flatter, bigger your foot is — essentially the bigger paddle you have. And that's one of the reasons the fish always beat us — because they have extremely large flukes. Michael's foot size, I'm sure, plays a big role in his ability to swim very well."

Mittal's studies also show that Phelps undulates his feet and body more — and with more flexibility — than 50 other swimmers he's observed. Phelps also is able to hold his breath longer, Gaines says.

"The best swimmers in the world can't go that far," Gaines says. "They do the dolphin kick, but they can't go far because they've got to take a breath. And Michael's lungs are so powerful that he's been able to use that as his final weapon off that last turn."

It's a weapon credited in part for five gold medals and five world records in Beijing. Phelps and his dolphin kick are entered in three more Olympic events.

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