The Brief

It's time to discuss one of the perennial debates of the holiday season: Which are more eco-friendly, real trees or their fake counterparts?

If you ask Tim O'Connor, executive director of the National Christmas Tree Association, the answer is obvious.

"I think it's just a no-brainer that real Christmas trees are far superior for the environment," he said. "Let's just start with a product of nature versus a product that's made from oil."

Of course, O'Connor's organization represents Christmas tree farmers. Here's what studies and environmentalists say.

The studies

The most recent U.S. analysis of the issue is from 2018, when a life cycle assessment — measuring the environmental impact of real and fake trees over the course of production to disposal — was published. (It's worth noting that the study was done by a consulting firm contracted by the American Christmas Tree Association, which represents the artificial-tree industry.)

The analysis took into account things like the netting around real Christmas trees and the water used to keep them alive in homes, versus the plastic packaging tape used on fake-tree boxes and transportation from manufacturers in China.

It concluded that artificial trees have a more favorable effect on the environment if reused for at least five years.

It's worth noting, though, that with all these variables, the study says that transportation accounts for around 15% of total global warming potential for artificial Christmas trees and 10% to 12% for real ones. So if that tree farm or big-box store is a long drive away, it can really sway things.

"Neither a farm-grown tree or a faux tree has a superlarge environmental impact compared to some daily activities like commuting a long way in a gas-powered car," said Mac Harman, the CEO of Balsam Hill, which makes high-end fake trees and offers an eco-friendly line of trees made from recycled plastics and plant-based plastic. "One long commute could be about the impact of having a Christmas tree for a year."

Environmentalists, meanwhile, suggest studies shouldn't be the only evidence consumers take into account.

"Studies can really vary on anything depending on who's funding the study, what parameters they're looking at, which elements are the most important, or are they just looking at carbon impacts? Are they looking at other resource impacts? Are they considering extraction? Are they considering disposal?" said Darby Hoover of the Natural Resources Defense Council.

A man and child look at artificial Christmas trees on display at a Home Depot in Miami in 2021.

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An environmentalist's take

Several environmental groups have waded into the debate, and for many of them, real trees are the winner.

"For me, it's not just carbon," said Hoover. "One of the things about the artificial trees is that they're made of plastic almost entirely. And the by-far-most-common polymer used to make artificial trees is PVC, polyvinyl chloride, which is a particularly toxic form of plastic that's toxic in production, use and disposal."

It's worth noting the endgame for both options: If real trees end up in a landfill and don't break down, they're still storing all the carbon they absorbed in life. And if they're mulched, they're being reused for greener purposes. Most artificial trees aren't recyclable.

"If [people] want to do what's better for the environment, if they want to support a family farmer, if they want to have the kind of Christmas experience for their family that is authentic, that includes something from nature rather than something from plastic, it's a pretty simple decision to have a real Christmas tree," O'Connor of the real-Christmas-tree association said.

How to be tree-mendously green for Christmas

Want to take it a step further? Let's go back to the tree's roots — as in letting the tree keep its actual roots.

The official White House Christmas tree, a 20-foot Fraser fir, is seen at Cartner's Christmas Tree Farm in Newland, N.C., on Nov. 13.

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"I think the best option is using a plant that's already in your life or that you want to purchase and have stay in your life," said Hoover. "So rather than buying a plant that's going to be cut down, why not repurpose a tree that's already on your property or a really fancy potted plant that's already in your home?"

And if your wilted snake plant isn't Christmassy enough for you, there's another option. There are companies that allow you to rent a live Christmas tree that returns to the nursery when the holidays are over.

And if you already have a fake tree, keep using it. Harman of Balsam Hill says he knows people who still have trees from his company's early days nearly two decades ago.

"It doesn't make business any easier for us selling more trees when they last so long, but it's certainly good for the environment," he said.

In halting childcare and welfare benefits to hundreds of thousands of low-income Californians, the Trump administration says it’s “concerned by the potential for extensive and systemic fraud.”

“These concerns have been heightened by recent federal prosecutions,” states the funding freeze letters to California from Trump-appointed officials at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

When pressed for details about what specific prosecutions justify the freeze in California, administration officials have offered few specifics. Confirmed fraud concerning the targeted programs appears to be a tiny fraction of the total spending.

The letters don’t mention any prosecutions here in California, as the administration cites it as justification for cutting off billions of dollars in support for food, housing and childcare.

A spokesperson for the federal agency declined to comment when asked what prosecutions the letter refers to, and for the basis for the broader fraud concerns cited as the reason for cutting off funds.

Prosecutions that have been brought around child care benefits amount to a small fraction of 1% of the federal childcare funding California has received, according to a search of all case announcements on federal prosecutors’ websites covering the whole state. The U.S. Department of Justice, which oversees such prosecutions, has not responded to a request asking if additional cases exist.

At a news conference Friday, LAist asked Bill Essayli, the top federal prosecutor for the region, if he knew of any federal prosecutions of childcare benefit fraud besides a single 2023 case previously cited by federal officials. Essayli did not point to any other federal prosecutions. The region he oversees includes over half of California’s population, including the counties of L.A., Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino.

In a separate emailed response to questions from an NPR reporter, the White House pointed to an article about a separate case in San Francisco that did not indicate it involves the federal funds being frozen.

What’s not known is the scale of complaints federal authorities have received about California’s spending with these three programs, and to what extent cases will be brought in the future. It’s also unclear how problems with California’s spending on these programs compare with other states that are not being targeted with funding freezes.

Last year, a federal Government Accountability Office review found about three-quarters of states — 37 of 50 — had negative findings in audits about their oversight of the largest program the administration is freezing funding to in five blue states.

That federal program is called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, or TANF.

Mississippi has an ongoing fraud scandal over misuse of $77 million in TANF and other welfare dollars — much of which was used to benefit wealthy athletes like former NFL quarterback Brett Favre.

Former pro wrestler Ted DiBiase Jr. is currently on trial in a federal case alleging he conspired to fraudulently get millions in TANF welfare dollars through sham contracts for services that were never provided, as part of Mississippi's fraud scandal.

Mississippi is not among the five states the Trump administration is freezing TANF funds to, all of which are run by Democrats.

One known federal case in California

In order to determine what federal prosecutions the administration is using to justify cutting California off from federal safety net programs, LAist ran searches through all announced cases over the past decade-plus by all four federal prosecutor offices in the state. It shows a total of one case mentioning childcare benefits fraud, brought in San Diego in 2023 over $3.7 million in alleged stolen funds.

The amount alleged to be stolen was equivalent to less than $1 out of every $10,000 California received from the funding the administration is freezing over the timeframe of the announcement search.

The federal agency that distributes the funds, HHS, has a nationwide watchdog office that investigates fraud in the programs being frozen. It’s known as the Office of Inspector General, or OIG.

The inspector general’s office has thousands of reports online about fraud and misspending across HHS’ vast programs nationwide.

But a search found no reports around problems with spending in California among the three programs impacted by the spending freeze.

“As your search confirms, there aren’t public OIG-released materials on fraud in these programs occurring in California,” said a spokesperson for the inspector general’s office.

That contrasts with Minnesota, where large-scale fraud cases have been brought in recent years over theft of federal dollars meant for food and other social services. An OIG report last year found Minnesota did not comply with requirements around documenting attendance and payment to childcare providers.

In an apparent error, one of the administration’s funding freeze letters to California asks for documents about Minnesota’s processes.

Criticism that Minnesota officials failed to prevent fraud in their state drove the state’s Democrat governor, Tim Walz — who ran for vice president against Donald Trump’s ticket in 2024 — to announce Monday he was dropping out of running for reelection.

That same day, the administration announced it was expanding the funding freeze to include California and three other Democrat-led states, in addition to Minnesota.

The following morning, President Trump alleged — without giving specifics — that corruption in California is worse than Minnesota.

“California, under Governor Gavin Newscum, is more corrupt than Minnesota, if that’s possible??? The Fraud Investigation of California has begun. Thank you for your attention to this matter! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP,” the president wrote on his social media platform Truth Social.

The White House has not responded to LAist requests for an interview with President Trump.

Governor Newsom has drawn criticism in recent years for vetoing a bill to more closely track spending and outcomes for tens of billions of state homelessness dollars, which had passed unanimously in the state Legislature.

CalWORKS

In response to NPR’s questions about the basis for the funding freeze, the White House’s Office of Management and Budget pointed to the San Diego case and a local prosecution by the San Francisco DA last year involving up to $400,000 in childcare funds.

It’s unclear if the San Francisco childcare case involved the same funding streams that are being frozen. The DA’s office and White House have not responded to a request for clarification.

The other, and by far largest, issue pointed to by the White House was described as $108 million lost from California’s welfare program, CalWORKS.

“CalWorks, a TANF recipient, had lost more than $108 million in cash benefits due to welfare fraud," the White House statement said with a link to a news release from the Orange County DA's Office.

LAist looked into it, and the situation is more complex. The DA’s news release says the losses are related to a scam called EBT card skimming.

That’s when scammers steal benefit card money from welfare recipients’ benefit cards. When that happens, the state covers the losses out of state funds, according to CalMatters.

The CalWORKS EBT cards are mostly funded by state and local dollars, according to state figures. About a third of the funding for those cards comes from TANF, the largest federal program being frozen.

The White House has not responded to follow-up questions.

EBT card skimming is an issue nationwide, not just the states where funds are being frozen, according to news reports.

Legal challenge

Trump has pardoned or commuted the sentences of several people convicted of large-scale frauds, including commuting the 20-year prison sentence of a man convicted in a case alleging $1.3 billion in fraudulent health claims to the federal government. The Justice Department called it the largest health care fraud scheme ever prosecuted up to that point.

At a news conference Thursday, Vice President J.D. Vance said the Justice Department would be creating a new high-level position to oversee fraud prosecutions. That official will be directly overseen by Trump and Vance, according to the vice president.

Later in the day, California Attorney General Rob Bonta announced a lawsuit seeking to stop the funding freeze, filed by California and the other blue states targeted by the freeze.

The next day — Friday — a federal judge granted a temporary restraining order preventing the freeze for now. Further arguments and decisions in the case are expected in the coming weeks.

NPR correspondent Jennifer Ludden contributed reporting to this story.

Hiring remained anemic in December, closing out the weakest year for job growth since the beginning of the pandemic.

U.S. employers added just 50,000 jobs last month, according to a report Friday from the Labor Department. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate dipped to 4.4%, from 4.5% in November, while job gains for October and November were also revised down by a total of 76,000 jobs.

For all of 2025, employers added 584,000 jobs — compared to 2 million new jobs in 2024. That meant that last year was the worst for employment growth since 2020.

Health care and hospitality were among the few industries adding jobs in December. Health care employment is generally immune from ups and downs in the business cycle.

Manufacturing continues to lose workers, cutting 8,000 jobs in December. Factories have been in a slump for the last 10 months, according to an index of manufacturing activity compiled by the Institute for Supply Management. The sector has been hit hard by President Trump's tariffs, since many domestic manufacturers rely on some foreign components.

"Morale is very low across manufacturing in general," said an unnamed factory manager quoted in this week's ISM report. "The cost of living is very high, and component costs are increasing with folks citing tariffs and other price increases."

The federal government added 2,000 jobs in December, but is still down 277,000 jobs from the beginning of the year. The government recorded big job losses earlier in the fall, when workers who accepted buyouts officially dropped off the government's payroll.

While unemployment remains low by historical standards, workers are increasingly nervous about job security. A survey last month by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York found workers slightly more worried about losing their job in the coming year, and less confident about finding a new job if they are laid off.

The slowdown in hiring makes people who already have jobs reluctant to give them up. The resulting lack of turnover means fewer job openings for young people and others trying to get a foot in the door.

Concern about the weakening job market prompted the Federal Reserve to cut its benchmark interest rate in December for the third time since September.
Copyright 2026 NPR

Producer and engineer Rich Mouser built his recording studio, The Mouse House, more than two decades ago — it was part of his home in the Altadena hills. The space featured 35-foot ceilings, soundproofed isolation rooms and a library of vintage recording gear that the 63-year-old musician had been collecting since he was a teenager. A year ago, the Mouse House burned to the ground in the Eaton fire.

"I went through and started making a list and adding it up. It's got to be close to half a million [dollars] in lost equipment," Mouser tells NPR. "In hindsight, if I had known the house was going to burn down like that, I would have gone to great more lengths to get stuff out."

The Los Angeles wildfires destroyed more than 16,000 homes and businesses. Mouser, who has worked with bands including Weezer, Dream Theater and Spock's Beard, is one of countless musicians doubly impacted by the natural disaster. He not only lost the house for which he'd finished paying off the mortgage and everything inside it; suddenly, a large chunk of his livelihood also vanished.

"Three days after the fire, I went to London to run sound for some live shows. A lot of people were like, 'Are you really going to go? You have to cancel,'" Mouser remembers. "I thought, 'This might be the only work I have for who knows how long, so I'm going to go do it.'"

Adron McCann, a singer-songwriter, visual artist and audio producer who performs as Adron, was facing a similar uncertainty. She'd been renting half of a duplex in Altadena with her partner, who is also a working musician, for two years when the Eaton fire tore through their home. Overnight, the couple lost virtually all their personal belongings — including McCann's three treasured aquariums — as well as their at-home studio setup. A lifetime's worth of gear, instruments, paintings, vinyl albums and a collection of vintage synthesizers disappeared.

"I'm still working on just the personal grief of it, the whole story," McCann says. "And so trying to put the pieces back together professionally — it's just really, really blended with our personal lives."

Starting to piece things back together

Immediately, friends and family for both Mouser and McCann sprung into action, setting up GoFundMe pages that raised tens of thousands of dollars. Mouser says he initially purchased core items needed to get back to work: a graphic equalizer, Neve microphone preamps, a portion of the same model of mixing board he lost in the fire. Fellow musicians loaned him studio spaces, equipment and helped him scour the internet for gear. Much of what he lost is irreplaceable, he says, or has significantly gone up in value since he bought it decades ago.

McCann says her community has majorly stepped up, too. Through the generosity of friends and strangers — including comedian Fred Armisen, who donated a couple of his guitars — McCann and her partner have been able to continue playing gigs. Artists share resources about grants and other rebuilding efforts, leaning on one another to find housing, work opportunities and instrument replacements. None of this, McCann says, would be possible without being plugged into their local music scene.

"I'm really aware of the trade-offs that we make as musicians," McCann says. "We trade off stability and security, but we gain friendship and community and the care and concern of people very far away who we don't even necessarily know in person, but they are moved by the art we make, and so they come to us when we're hurting."

Adrienne McCann in her original home studio before the fires.

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Both McCann and Mouser say they've received support from a wide patchwork of colleagues, mutual aid networks and official relief organizations, all working together to address the ongoing needs of wildfire survivors as time passes. That includes government agencies like FEMA and Los Angeles County, nonprofits like Guitar Center Music Foundation and MusiCares, and more grassroots collectives like Altadena Musicians, an instrument-giving network started by composer Brandon Jay.

Myka Miller, the executive director of Guitar Center Music Foundation, says that for the first six months of 2025, the organization fulfilled grants for over 700 people to replace lost or damaged equipment, in addition to supplying instruments to 15 affected schools and community organizations. Miller says it's the largest natural disaster relief effort the nonprofit has tackled in recent history. "What was surprising to me was that a lot of people were asking for studio gear overwhelmingly," Miller tells NPR. "Studio monitors and microphones were one of the top things — DJ equipment, that kind of stuff."

One of Guitar Center's partners has been MusiCares, the nonprofit founded by the Recording Academy to support the financial, mental and physical wellbeing of people in the music industry. The organization says that since the wildfires broke out last year, it's provided more than $15 million in assistance to over 3,200 music professionals. In December, the nonprofit hosted a health and wellness clinic in Altadena for industry professionals impacted by the fires. The event offered physical therapy, vision and hearing screenings and opportunities for survivors to connect with one another over the ongoing challenges of finding a new normal. Executive director Theresa Wolters says these kinds of spaces — and a focus on mental health specifically — will be a big part of the work going forward, along with ongoing financial help.

"It is not too late to access support. We are still here," Wolters tells NPR. "We know that so many people are just now starting to come up for air through this disaster. They're just now starting to figure out what they need and what kind of assistance they might benefit from."

Looking ahead

As the anniversary of the fires passes, Wolters emphasizes that recovery is a long and nonlinear process. While some artists have made significant progress, others are still operating on survival mode.

Today, Rich Mouser and his wife are renting a house with a converted garage that doubles as Mouser's temporary studio. He's been able to continue his work mixing albums, touring with bands and is getting used to the newer equipment.

He's also working with an architect and sound engineer on rebuilding plans for his permanent home and studio in Altadena. They'll be prioritizing concrete over wood in case of future fires, he says, and are planning on a few improvements, like building a separate entry for The Mouse House so musicians don't have to walk through his kitchen to enter the studio. Mouser hopes building can begin within several months so the project is completed by summer or fall of 2027.

Insurance and relief aid are currently covering his rent, but he's worried that won't last all the way until the new house and studio are ready. Finding and applying for grants, he half-jokes, is a full-time job of its own. "We need this place because it's got this back house where I can work," Mouser says. "If we didn't have this situation, we could move into a smaller apartment, but I'm able to work out here and generate income."

McCann and her partner, on the other hand, are still taking things day by day. They are no longer living in their dream neighborhood of Altadena, but they're settled into a new rental home for now. Due to federal funding cuts to public radio, she recently lost a significant portion of her income as a producer for WABE, leading to more fear and uncertainty. Songwriting, she says, has taken a backseat for now.

"We're still not done recovering in the immediate sense. We're still not done trying to figure out home and gear and recording and our basic building blocks of our life we're still working on," McCann says. "I'm just going to keep trying to get a more stable foundation under my feet. But as an artist, that's a surprisingly comfortable place for me."
Copyright 2026 NPR

Maria Silva works at the El Super off Century Boulevard in Inglewood, in the same sprawling parking lot as a Home Depot.

She's been on the job for 17 years. The work is hard, and her wages are low. But since summer, her role as a supervisor at the grocery store chain has included a new challenge: co-workers and customers are worried about ICE.

Her customers come in talking about recent sightings, or asking if federal agents have been in the area. After a regular stopped coming into the store, Silva said she heard through the grapevine that he'd been picked up by federal agents.

" It's somebody that I would interact with almost every single day, because he would come and get his coffee and bread," she said, holding back tears. "It upsets me. It makes me feel like I can't do anything about it."

Silva is among the workers at seven unionized El Super locations in Southern California, including the store in Inglewood, who are asking their employer to implement more protocols to protect them and shoppers at their stores from federal agents.

Around 700 workers are currently negotiating a new contract with the grocery store chain. Their union, United Food and Commercial Workers, says the supermarket's owner, Chedraui USA, which also owns Smart & Final, is refusing their demands, including substantial wage increases.

Chedraui USA declined to comment on the specifics of ongoing negotiations.

"We value our team members and the communities we serve, and remain committed to bargaining in good faith, following all labor laws, and creating a safe and respectful workplace for every associate while continuing to provide affordable food for our customers," the company said in a statement.

What are they asking for?

Maricruz Ceceña, the organizing director for UFCW local 770, said the El Super workers want the company to agree to establish certain safety protocols in the contract, such as not allowing federal agents into non-public areas without a signed judicial warrant and establishing private areas in stores.

She said they also want the employer to re-affirm compliance with certain laws, such as a requirement that federal officials give three-day notice before inspecting I-9 Employment Eligibility Verification forms.

According to UFCW, other major grocery chains, including Ralphs, Super A, Vons, Pavilions, Gelson's and Albertsons, have agreed to similar protections in contracts with workers represented by the union.

"That Chedraui or El Super is still refusing to put basic language in that would protect its customers and its workers when other companies have already done so?" Ceceña told LAist. "I think workers just find that baffling and insulting."

Why workers are pushing for this

The grocery store workers are part of a broader effort to win immigration protections through labor negotiations. Victor Narro, an expert on workplace rights for immigrant workers and a lecturer at UCLA Law School, said more and more unions have been adding the type of language El Super workers want to their contracts in recent years.

"Especially unions that have a large immigrant workforce as members," he said. "One of the misconceptions is that the unions are then trying to circumvent immigration laws in the union contract. But that's not the case. What they're trying to do is get the employer to do what they are able to do under the law."

The first push for these types of union protections dates back to the 90s, Narro said, in the wake of a Reagan-era immigration law that established penalties for employers who knowingly hired unauthorized workers.

Narro said contract language can help add a layer of protection for some workers, but pointed out that the vast majority of private-sector workers in the U.S. have no union representation. He said policy change is needed to keep all workers safe.

" So what unions have been doing for the majority of workers who are not unionized is doing the policy work," he said.

'Customers, they're scared'

El Super markets itself to a Spanish-speaking clientele. Its website states "El Super is at the heart of your cocina." The union says most customers and workers are Latino.

Araceli Ortiz has worked at a unionized El Super store in Pico Rivera for eight years. She said after immigration sweeps ramped up in June, her store was quieter than usual, and she saw customers buying groceries for multiple families who were too afraid to do their grocery shopping in person.

She had one customer burst into tears at the checkout counter, saying her husband had recently been detained by ICE.

" We get customers, they're scared," Ortiz said. "Mostly every day they mention ICE, immigration and their surroundings. And they ask us, 'Have they come around here?' And what can I say? They're everywhere."

Ortiz is on a team of El Super workers who are bargaining with their employer over the new contract. She said that the grocery chain has said verbally that it will follow the law.

" But you know, we want them to put it in the contract," she said. "Because if there's signs right there [saying] it's only for employees only, the employees are gonna feel a little bit safer."