The Brief

There are few things that make us love L.A. quite like sipping a favorite beverage while taking in a view of the Pacific and scanning the horizon for dolphins. Even better when the surfers are out, or you've made it in time to catch the sunset.

LAist 89.3's AirTalk host Larry Mantle asked listeners to share their favorite places to eat and drink oceanside in and around L.A. The phone lines lit up, as they say, and those who didn't call clogged Mantle's inbox with recommendations. We've compiled many of them here and will continue gathering them in an evolving list.

Prepare to be shocked at how many Malibu suggestions show up.

Let me know if I missed your favorite: Email me at rlynch@scpr.org and I may add your suggestion to this list.

Malibu Farm Restaurant and Cafe

The ocean views are everywhere you look at The Malibu Farm restaurant, located at the Malibu Pier.

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The iconic Malibu Pier is the setting for these two restaurants, the cafe being the more casual of the two. Hit the cafe in the early hours for counter-service breakfast — Swedish mini pancakes, surfers rancheros and a fried egg sandwich. The restaurant is known for heartier fare, including pizzas, salads, lobster rolls, crab cake, oysters and bahn ‘bu tacos.

Malibu Seafood Fresh Fish Market & Patio Cafe

This spot is both a cafe and a fish market, so consider bringing a cooler with ice when you visit. “Every time we have visitors from out of town we take them to Malibu Seafood." says Kay Foster of North Hollywood. "In fact when people call and say they're coming to visit, they ask if we can take them there again.”

The cafe opens at 11 a.m. and boasts that the fish is uber fresh: “The reason we don’t serve breakfast is we’re out catching lunch,” says the menu. Located 1.5 miles north of Pepperdine University, the views are magnificent. The menu hits a variety of price points, including two fish tacos for $12.95 as well as a fried seafood combo of fish, shrimp, scallops, squid and fries, $24.95.

Belmont Brewing Company in Long Beach

Located at the foot of the Long Beach Pier, the Belmont Brewing Company lays claim to being the oldest brew pub in Los Angeles County. On tap: A strong stout called Long Beach Crude, an amber ale called Top Sail, and many others. Hand-crafted cocktails, too. For food, expect clam chowder, poke, ceviche, baja fish tacos (the batter's made with the house Marathon blonde ale), and also plenty of flat breads, burgers and sandwiches. If you like tomato soup, don't miss their take on it. Another favorite: The Belmont Burger, topped with onion strings, aioli and served on brioche.

Duke's in Malibu and Huntington Beach

"Recently drove to Malibu for a stolen weekday lunch at Duke’s. Lunch on the patio at the edge of the shore, lovely and reasonable," said Rick Teplitz of Westchester. There's also a Duke's in Huntington Beach, too. Reservations are recommended, unless you don't mind a wait. This place can get busy, but it's easy to see why: It's hard to beat the jaw-dropping coastal views. On Tuesday's, in Malibu, it's also hard to beat that view combined with their specials of the day: Two tacos (chicken, kalua pork, fish, or chef's special), plus chips and salsa, $14. Go ahead and tack on some house made guac ($7) and a margarita ($8) as long as someone else is driving. In Huntington Beach, it's Surf & Turf night, with specials on steak and seafood.

The Beach House in Seal Beach

Right on the sand. The menu at the Beach House in Seal Beach is tight, and hits all the favorites in beach dining, and then some. There are oysters, calamari, fish & chips, grilled salmon. But also loco moco, french onion soup and skillet corn bread made to order and served with butter, honeycomb and honey.

Captain Kidd's Fish Market & Restaurant in Redondo Beach

Captain Kidd's has an expansive menu — you choose the type of fish, how you want it prepared (charbroiled, sauteed, deep fried, tempura style), and even what spices you want. Specials include a crab cake sandwich, shrimp fajitas and the market priced lobster roll. There's New England chowder, Manhattan clam chowder, lobster bisque, seafood cioppino and chicken gumbo, and a variety of seafood kabobs. There are also burgers and steaks.

Bring a cooler and some ice. That way, after your meal, you can hit the fish market before you head home. The market menu encourages you to ask the staff about choosing the right type of fish, cooking methods and spices, so you can successfully experiment at home. The selection is huge — six varieties of crab, for example.

Neptune’s Net in Malibu

Neptune’s is half iconic Malibu beach shack, half biker bar (in the best possible way). “It's got wonderful fresh seafood … and a great beer selection,” said Jeff Willson of Playa del Rey. And so close to the beach, “You can watch the surfers.”

While many beach shacks go heavy on the deep fried, Neptune’s also goes heavy on the lighter fare, with several grilled fish salads. It sells its “world famous New England clam chowder” by the pint, starting at $8. There's also a seafood market, so consider bringing a cooler and some ice for your visit.

The Beachcomber at Crystal Cove

Located right on the beach at Crystal Cove, the Beachcomber is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Among the offerings: Breakfast beignets, omelettes, ranch skillets, coconut-macadamia pancakes; for lunch, clam chowder, grilled artichokes and Korean steak skewers, and for dinner, scallops and miso glazed butterfish. Be there to raise the flag and salute happy hour, with a cocktail at the Bootlegger Bar, serving margaritas, mojitos, martinis and more, with a bar menu that includes grilled artichokes, steak skewers and ahi nachos. If it's brunch, try one of the "big jar" cocktails, served in a big jar! A favorite is the Big Bad Bloody Mary, which is adorned with a crab claw and a jumbo shrimp, $21.

Terranea in Rancho Palos Verdes

There are several places to dine while watching the waves at the Terranea resort in Rancho Palos Verdes. Hillary Black of West Los Angeles recommends Nelson's, because it's "right on the beach," and offers SoCal favorites like chips and guac ($18), nachos ($28) and ceviche ($22) as well as housemade clam chowder ($20). But there's also Catalina Kitchen, where happy hour runs 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. and includes poke nachos ($12) and Nashville hot chicken sliders ($10). For dinner, there's crab cakes, ahi tuna tartar, pizzas and a burger. For a higher-end experience elsewhere on the property there's also Mar'sel, (raw bar seafood selection $94, Chilean sea bass, $52), and you can sit alongside the garden growing the herbs and produce that end up on your plate.

Hot Dog on a Stick, Santa Monica Pier

Nothing says beach eats like corn dogs.

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"A deep fried, cornmeal-encrusted hot dog or cheese stick and lemonade, what more do you want??" asks Rob Takata of Valley Glen. A regular beef hot dog will set you back $6.25. You can also spring for the Cheetos Flamin' Hot version for an extra buck.

Geoffrey's in Malibu

Should you go to Geoffrey's at night, and dine beneath the fairy lights while listening to the crashing waves? Or go there for lunch, where you can actually see the crashing waves. Your choice. This place has everything seafood (and prices to match the view) including sauteed lump crap cakes, jumbo coconut shrimp, seafood paella, steamed lobster, brioche bread pudding and salted caramel butterscotch pot de crème.

Schooner Or Later in Long Beach

No reservations, Sundays and holidays are busy. Schooner or Later knows how to stay in its lane: They're only open until mid-afternoon. Nothing fancy, just solid breakfast and lunch fare, enjoyed while overlooking the marina. "Great for breakfast," said Dennis Atkinson of Los Alamitos. The menu is an expansive one, with omelettes, pancakes, waffles, burritos and no less than four different takes on eggs benedict. For heartier fare, there's burgers, soups, melts, salads and, of course, fish and chips. And schooners of beer!

The Reel Inn in Malibu

Casual dining, generous portions, a gorgeous view. That's the Reel Inn. "Fresh seafood, no frills, picnic tables inside and lovely patio seating where you can step down to the beach while you wait for your food," said Jordin Lang Johnson of Hollywood. "Amazing little place my Dad has been taking me (and everyone) to since I was a kid." If you want to keep it simple, you choose your seafood, you choose how you want it prepared — grilled sauteed or blackened — and then add on some sides and beverages. Done. Then, there's nothing left to do but sit down and enjoy the view. If you want more, there are chowders to choose from, crab cakes, tacos, a fish quesadilla, a variety of fried seafood platters and many grilled seafood specialities, too.

Beach House Tacos in Ventura

“Beach House Tacos on the pier in Ventura is always a favorite,” said Fern Zalin of Valencia. Just accept that there's gonna be a line. The stand is about an hour's drive from DTLA. Totally doable for lunch. Just accept that there will be a line for the tacos, burritos and bowls, and the don't miss street corn ($6). The crispy potato tacos ($7.50) are a favorite as is the spicy garlic shrimp burrito ($14). Get a cheesy grilled pasilla chile, too ($6.50). There's also 3 for $10 street tacos. On weekends, there's a beachside breakfast menu that includes breakfast tacos and churro donuts.

The Sea Chest Oyster Bar in Cambria

This is one of AirTalk host Larry Mantle’s favorites, in case you were wondering. The Sea Chest Oyster Bar overlooks Moonstone Beach, and is about a 4-hour drive from DTLA. So keep this one bookmarked for your next coastal trip. Dinner only. There’s often a line, and they don’t take reservations. But that’s part of the appeal, Mantle said, offering this pro tip: The restaurant is near several wineries, and guests are welcome to pull out folding chairs, and crack open a bottle or two in the parking lot while waiting for tables. (Just make sure someone else is doing the driving, of course.) So get there early, put your name on the list and get ready to watch the sunset. No takeout. Cash only. ATM on site. Offering all the seafood favorites: fresh oysters, steamer clams, seasonal fresh fish, clams linguini and a favorite, Gina’s Cioppino (previously known to faithful customers as Andy’s Ciop). No prices on the online menu.

BALEENkitchen at the Portofino Hotel & Marina in Redondo Beach

Check out the bar bites on the "Knotty Happy Hour Menu" at BALEENkitchen at the Portofino Hotel in Redondo Beach overlooking the marina: Hot crab dip, sliders and Korean-style chicken wings, daily 4 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. There’s plenty of seafood to be had elsewhere on the menu — the miso-glazed black cod is a favorite — but this is also a spot for those who want a burger with guac and an option to add on some candied bacon, or are in the mood for a roasted half chicken or coffee-rubbed, grilled rib-eye served with charred scallion chimichurri. Note that the online menu doesn't include prices.

West Toast Cafe in San Clemente

Serving all the toasts (Nutella, Avocado, $7-$12) as well as a breakfast burrito and bowls, smoothies and juices, burgers and salads. But the big surprise on the menu at West Toast Cafe in San Clemente is the Venezuelan Corner: Arepas! Cachapas! And Tequenos! ($8-$14) (The co-owners have Venezuelan roots.) At first, it was all a bit of an experiment. Now, "Believe it or not, we sell more arepas than burgers," said one of the co-owners and chef, Adrian Real, who worked in Miami before heading West. He says it's because of their signature green sauce, which they are about to start selling by the jar because it's such a hit with diners. Located near the popular surfing spot, T Street Beach, West Toast caters to the local crowd. Serving Panther Coffee, from Miami. IYKYK. Dine right on the beach, with your toes in the sand.

Brophy Bros. in Ventura

It's about an hour's drive from DTLA to Brophy Bros. in Ventura, known for its beer battered fish and chips, clam strips and clam chowder, cioppino, and ahi tuna poke. An hour is nothing for the way we drive in L.A., so Brophy's is the perfect excuse for a day trip to get away from the grind.

The Cliff in Laguna Beach

Boasts 180-degree whitewater views from the multi-level patio. “The Cliff in Laguna Beach sits above the water and has great, fresh food and live music in the evenings,” said Gena Hamamoto of Alhambra. House specialities include chicken and waffles for breakfast, clam chowder, mahi mahi fish tacos, halibut Laguna, and a fish and shrimp and chips combo.

The Marine Room in La Jolla

Are you overlooking the water? Or in the water? At The Marine Room in La Jolla, it's hard to say. One of the many draws of this that dates back to 1941 is that when the tides are right, the waves smash right into the window. Thrilling, or horrifying, depending upon your viewpoint. (There’s a tides chart on the website to help you time it either way.) A high-end lounge menu includes Moroccan lamb lollipops, $30, and cocktails such as the Oaxaca Night, $30, made with Ilegal Mezcal and St. Germain and the Kelp Martini, $19. Note that there’s a dress code: No beach or active wear, such as ball caps.

The Big Bear community and fans of the famous bald eagles that call the valley home are coming together this weekend to honor Jackie.

Jackie, who with her partner Shadow won hearts around the world on a popular YouTube livestream, died in August after weeks of intensive care.

A group of local, state and federal officials and organizations, including the nonprofit behind the livestream, Friends of Big Bear Valley, helped organize the “Wings Over Big Bear” weekend with a commemoration ceremony Saturday and Wildlife Education Day Sunday.

Diane Lech came up from Carlsbad and stopped by to see the overflowing Jackie memorial at Fawnskin Freedom Park. She’s been watching the livestream since 2015, when the cameras were first installed.

“And [Jackie’s] been part of my life ever since,” Lech said, her eyes welling up with tears. “It’s heartwarming to know that she had such an effect on so many people.”

Nearly two months after Jackie's death, fans are still in mourning.

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A handcrafted wooden statue of Jackie flying with a fish in her talons next to the memorial in Fawnskin Freedom Park.

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A community comes together

Vanessa Bloom, a Huntington Beach resident, and her mom are regular viewers of the eagle livestream. Bloom said the ceremony feels like a coming-together at a time when there’s so much polarization and division in the world.

“Everyone's here for a common cause,” Bloom said. “There's a lot of unity and people just being with each other in a time of tragedy, which you don't really see that often, and I think that's special.”

Artist Wes Abarca spray-painting a memorial piece for Jackie on Saturday, Oct. 3 at Bear Mountain Ski Resort.

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A plane drew a "J" and a heart in the sky over the crowd watching the ceremony.

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About 2,000 people RSVP'd to the commemoration ceremony Saturday at Bear Mountain Ski Resort, according to organizers.

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Maggie Keen, a Thousand Oaks resident, took her first trip to Big Bear in years to attend the ceremony.

“[Jackie] was just amazing,” Keen said. “Very strong, took charge of everything and was just like an incredible bird to watch her with the fledglings.”

The Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation kicked the ceremony off with several songs.

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Audience members were invited to dance along to celebration of life songs led by the Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation.

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Ron Wood, better known as Woody, works at Captain John's Fawn Harbor & Marina by Dana Point Park in Fawnskin, where he points out the nest to fans daily.

“We all thought that she was going to come around and be brought back here, and, you know, it's pretty depressing,” Wood said. “Every single person still that comes is teary-eyed.”

Ron Wood holds up a framed photo of what he said is a young Jackie, along with her parents Ricky and Lucy. He usually has the popular YouTube livestream of the eagle nest playing in the background.

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Jenny Voisard, media manager for Friends of Big Bear Valley, told LAist ahead of the ceremony that the turnout shows just how the love people have for Jackie.

“A lot of people were surprised at how much they were grieving,” Voisard said. “We all still miss Jackie.”

Michael Muhm and Peggy Muhm came from Colleyville, Texas to honor Jackie in their matching eagle shirts.

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Rachel Mulpas and Randy Mulpas, a father-daughter duo, drove up from Ladera Ranch in Orange County.

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Carmina Chun and John Chun wearing "Fly High, Jackie" shirts from the Ontario Tower Buzzers' August event honoring the eagle.

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Joan Eminger was all smiles Saturday at Bear Mountain Ski Resort, sporting a Jackie shirt and pin.

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For those that weren't able to make it Big Bear in person, you can still send postcards from your community.

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Fans were invited to fill out postcards for Jackie at the commemoration ceremony Saturday.

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Goodbye and good riddance to the beach read. At least for this year, we can stop pretending that baking on the sand in the hot sun or tilted awkwardly on a damp plastic lounge chair by the pool is the ideal setting for reading. Now, with the fall equinox behind us, we can look forward and embrace the one true ideal season for reading: autumn.

Or we can not be so dramatic about it and just say that there are a lot of books coming out between now and the holidays. A few we've included in our round up are long-awaited follow ups to stunning entrances onto the literary scene. Others are big, ambitious projects. Others yet are versions of older works only now being translated into English. There are obviously some high-profile titles that we missed in the name of brevity but, hopefully, there are a few titles here that weren't on your radar before.

FICTION

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The True Confessions of First Lady Freeman by Deesha Philyaw (Sept. 29)

Philyaw's 2020 short story collection The Secret Lives of Church Ladies felt like a discovery. Published by a small university press, the book was brave and honest in its handling of sexuality and religion. It became such a sensation in certain corners of the literary world that you really had to wonder — what the heck has Philyaw been up to? Well, we find out soon in her first full-length novel about, well, sex, religion, gossip and marriage.

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Harper

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Partita by Barbara Kingsolver (Oct. 6)

It's Kingsolver's 19th novel. Fresh off her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, Demon Copperhead, one of the most prominent voices in Appalachian writing comes out with a book about a pianist on her way to classical music stardom, until that path gets knocked off kilter. Kingsolver herself originally went to college to study classical music but never truly showed her love for it in her fiction — until now.

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It's Only Dancing by Jasmine Guillory (Oc.t 6)

Every now and then I come across a video of a cute couple doing (or attempting to do) the Dirty Dancing lift. It's a bold move with a high-risk factor for completely eating it. Well, now Jasmine Guillory's showing similar boldness. Her upcoming book — her first YA novel — is a take on Dirty Dancing. It follows a young girl and her charming dance instructor, as they try to figure out their dance steps — and each other.

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Little, Brown and Company

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The Brightness by Chad Harbach (Oct. 27)

This is the long-awaited sequel to Harbach's acclaimed 2011 baseball/campus novel The Art of Fielding. We return to Westish College — but we put down the bats and balls and, instead, focus on sexual assault, feminism, campus politics and the high costs of speaking out.

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New Directions

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Behind the Gate & Other Stories by Amparo Dávila, translated by Audrey Harris and Matthew Gleeson (Nov. 3)

With her 2018 short story collection The Houseguest, Mexican author Amparo Dávila became a fixture in the English-speaking cult canon of weird-girl literature. Dávila died at age 92 in 2020 but a new collection of her creepy, unsettling and odd stories are coming in English this fall.

NONFICTION

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I Can't Stop Thinking About Horses and Sex by Lisa Hanawalt (Oct. 20)

A graphic memoir from Tuca & Bertie creator Lisa Hanawalt that tells you exactly what it's about in the title. And the horses bit isn't a metaphor for life or whatever, there's actually a lot in here about riding horses, taking care of horses, and how loving horses is both silly/ridiculous/expensive and, also, one of the best things in the world. OK, maybe it is a bit of a metaphor.

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Celeste, Daughter of the Earth and Other Early Poems by Enrique Lihn, translated by Jonathan Cohen and David Unger (Oct. 20)

This book collects translated early works of the celebrated Chilean poet Enrique Lihn. And they have the full-hearted verve and drive of a younger poet. In the poem "Steadfast," the narrator speaks to the subject angrily and bitterly but ends with the lines, "I will live secretly by your side / like the corpse I've been since loving you."

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Look at Me by Dustin Hoffman with Ariel Levy (Nov. 10)

Dustin Hoffman is 89 years old now. In his lifetime, he's been at the center of some of the most enduring images seared into the minds of American culture. You can picture it, can't you? Him on the bus in The Graduate. Him at the office in All The President's Men. Him and the big crocodile thing in Hook. It's a sure bet his memoir will cover at least two of those movies in depth.

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Weird Era: How Pitchfork Changed Music Forever: A Memoir by Ryan Schreiber (Dec. 1)

As the founder of the music website Pitchfork, Schreiber had a front-row seat to the changing tides of music, music distribution, music criticism, the Internet, snobbery, taste, stardom, obscurity and rating art on a scale of 1-10. The book goes into the origins of Pitchfork and offers insight into its eventual sale to Condé Nast, reminding readers that there is a real person behind that review you hated.

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Penguin Press

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The Co-Creation: How Earth Made Life and Life Made Earth by Olivia Judson (Dec. 13)

You have to give props to the big swings, and explaining the origins of life on Earth is maybe one of the biggest swings you could take. Judson is an evolutionary biologist but has spent most of her career as a science writer, explaining the world and all its inhabitants to the rest of us.

Copyright 2026 NPR

This story first appeared on Long Beach Post.

Long Beach Unified announced Thursday it expects to close Gompers and Edison elementary schools at the end of the school year, saying the campuses are underenrolled.

It’s the district’s latest effort to consolidate resources as enrollment continues to fall districtwide. LBUSD enrollment dipped below 60,000 students this year, the first time it crossed that threshold since the early 1980s.

Why the district wants to close schools

As enrollment declines, so does school funding, and LBUSD is taking drastic measures as operating costs exceed revenue. In a recent budget report, the district said it expects to draw nearly $45 million from its reserves this school year — the third year of deficit spending. Already, the district has reduced library support, mental health resources, and certificated and classified staff. Hoover Middle School closed last year due to low enrollment, the district said. Both LBUSD and the school board have signaled that more tough cuts are on the horizon; some are already here.

“It feels like a big loss,” said school board member Juan Benitez, whose district includes Edison Elementary. Yet he added that low birth rates will continue pushing enrollment down. The district and board have a fiscal responsibility to take action — not only to balance the budget, but to ensure students receive the best learning environment possible, which is difficult to maintain at schools with low capacity, he said.

Where students and teachers would go

If the school closures are approved by the board of education, the Gompers attendance boundary will be consolidated with three nearby Lakewood elementary schools: Cleveland, Holmes and MacArthur, according to a letter the district sent to families. Edison students would attend Chavez and Oropeza elementary schools, both within a mile of Edison’s downtown campus.

If families wish to send their children to different schools, they will receive priority in the school choice process, the letters added.

The campuses will not remain vacant, Benitez said. Edison may be used as a temporary site while other schools undergo modernization projects, and additional uses will be proposed for Gompers, he said. The Child Development Center currently housed at Edison will remain there for at least the next several years, he said.

Teachers on permanent contracts at Gompers and Edison will keep their jobs in the district, said Peder Larsen, president of the teachers union, and they will get precedence in school reassignments. But they may not learn their new school sites until April, once the school transfer and assignment process is underway, he said.

Families push back

The news has hit hard for families. Ashlee Napalan, an LBUSD teacher and a parent of three children at Gompers Elementary, said the news was “heartbreaking” and surprising, especially because Gompers underwent a significant remodel last year, including the installation of a new HVAC system, as well as fresh paint and new playground equipment, she said.

She described a tight-knit community at Gompers and said her children walk to school and play with other kids at the park across the street. When she told her son, a kindergartener, the news, she said he cried all night. “We’ve been really heavily involved with the school for seven years,” she said. “It’s a huge part of our lives.”

What happens next

Some parents have already begun organizing to oppose the move. A petition to keep Gompers open accrued more than 600 signatures in one day. Some parents said they plan to speak at the school board meeting on Oct. 7 when the issue will be presented to the board as an information item. The board is expected to vote on Oct. 21. Parents at each school have been invited to informational meetings in the coming month, according to the letters sent by the district.

Benitez said he is pushing for “ongoing, constant, clear responsive communication” to the families affected by these proposed changes. “The recommendation is not being taken lightly,” he said, adding that he — and the district — will be listening closely to students’ and families’ concerns.

Ahead of the midterm elections, Congress is scrambling to show that it understands voter concerns about AI data centers and their potential impact on electricity rates. But answering the question of how much of those costs will be shouldered by residential utility customers is surprisingly difficult to answer.

That uncertainty is at the heart of a growing fight on Capitol Hill, as lawmakers advance competing proposals aimed at protecting ratepayers in a debate that often belies the complexity of the underlying economics.

On Capitol Hill this week, Republicans have been trying to push through the Ratepayer Protection Act, sponsored by Ohio Republican Sen. Jon Husted. The bill would have state utilities consider holding "large-load" customers responsible for the increased costs.

Husted is in a heated reelection campaign against Democrat Sherrod Brown, who lost his Senate seat in 2024. Brown has made Husted's past support of data centers in Ohio a major campaign issue. The bill easily passed the House in September with strong bipartisan support.

Senate Minority Leader Sen. Chuck Schumer opposes the measure, saying its protections for ratepayers are voluntary. Instead, Schumer is promoting the GRID Savings Act, a similar bill authored by New Mexico Democrat Sen. Martin Heinrich, which he says has more teeth.

Several other data center and AI-related bills are at various stages in the legislative process.

The cost of AI is showing up in customers' bills

The question of how much of the energy and grid costs are being borne by ratepayers is a complicated one and has no universal answer, experts tell NPR. They say it varies by utility and state, but that in the end residential electricity customers will pay for a share of the AI buildout.

By one estimate, Maryland customers, for example, pay somewhere around $168 to $216 more per year on their electricity bills primarily due to the data center boom.

"We're talking tens to hundreds of millions of dollars [of infrastructure] that are being built by these local utilities," says Connor Waldoch, co-founder and chief strategy officer at Grid Status, which focuses on making electricity-market data easier to access and understand. "In many cases, it is just ultimately going to end up in customers' bills."

Tracking the impact of data center growth on residential bills isn't easy, however. How much of the increase is passed on to residential customers and when, depends on utilities' power-purchasing contracts, retail rates and regulatory decisions about who pays, according to Lucy Qiu, a professor at the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland.

PJM is a regional transmission organization that coordinates the electricity grid and wholesale power market across 13 states and the District of Columbia. It supplies power to Northern Virginia, home to the largest concentration of data centers in the world. PJM's Independent Market Monitor estimates that data centers have cost their 67 million ratepayers about $29 billion over roughly the past two years.

"Everyone pays those costs," says Ari Peskoe, director of the Harvard Electricity Law Initiative. "They're spread across the region to every business and resident that has an electricity meter."

An Amazon Web Services data center is shown situated near single-family homes in Stone Ridge, Va.

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How to determine who the grid infrastructure benefits?

Data center growth can push up wholesale costs of energy by increasing demand. This determines how much generating capacity utilities and regional grid operators need to secure, Qiu says. There are also costs with building new power lines, substations and other infrastructure to connect data centers to the grid. Determining how much of that exclusively serves data centers — and how much also benefits other customers — is part of the difficulty in determining who gets the bill, she says.

"It really depends on the scale of the upgrade and also how utilities are doing the accounting of that different share, whether it's being used solely by the data centers or also being shared by other customers," Qiu says.

No "single, clean number"

Even so, "a single, clean number" that applies nationwide is just not possible, Harvard's Peskoe says, because "a lot of the data about how much particular data centers are paying is hidden behind non-disclosure agreements."

Those NDAs have become a major sore spot on the local level, as residents opposed to new data centers call out local officials for the secrecy that has surrounded many deals. A study last year by the University of Mary Washington found that NDAs had been signed in 80% of Virginia localities where there were existing, approved or proposed data centers.

In an email to NPR, Jeremy L. Slayton, a spokesman for Dominion Energy, which serves Loudoun County, Va., home to about 250 data centers, said, "We recover costs for distribution and transmission infrastructure from customers."

"These assets are core to the reliable electric service we provide our customers. All costs we recover from customers are reviewed and approved by the Virginia State Corporation Commission," he said, referring to the independent state agency that regulates public utilities.

Added costs of building out in a hurry

There is still another factor at play, University of Maryland's Qiu says. The data center industry is in a hurry and waiting for new power-generation technologies doesn't seem to be in the cards. As a result, to meet the demand, utility companies will likely need to opt for less efficient power plants and those costs will be passed onto consumers over time, as well.

One other consideration is optics, Waldoch of Grid Status says. Big customers like AI data centers pay less per kilowatt hour for power than residential customers do. Think of it as a volume discount. In the current environment where 70% of Americans are worried that data centers will increase their electricity bills, Waldoch says, "If you're saying, hey, this data center is actually paying a lot less for electricity than you are, even though it matters much less to them ... it's not like that's palatable for a lot of people at this point."

Benefits of the AI buildout

But not all price increases in recent years are linked to data centers, Qiu says.

"The fuel cost ... is a very important factor," she says and some of those new substations and power lines were going to need to be replaced anyway due to things like extreme weather events.

Qiu also notes that the U.S. power grid needs upgrades to accommodate higher demand for things like electric vehicles. The AI boom "can accelerate the upgrade of the grid infrastructure," she says.

There's also evidence, Qui says, that resiliency — the ability to survive high-impact events such as extreme heat and to recover from outages — is better for people living near data centers due to the robust infrastructure those facilities require. "So if there's a data center, it actually helps … improve the local grid reliability [and] reduce the power outages," says Qui.

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