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The Brief

The most important stories for you to know today
  • What if Trump retaliates against the state?
    Monday, Jan. 13: Volunteers carry water for evacuees from the Eaton Fire at a donation center in Santa Anita Park in Arcadia.
    Monday, Jan. 13: Volunteers carry water for evacuees from the Eaton Fire at a donation center in Santa Anita Park in Arcadia.

    Topline:

    Californians have long relied on federal support to respond and recover from major disasters, but experts are sounding the alarm, saying the Trump Administration could delay assistance when it’s most needed.

    Threat to withhold aid: President Donald Trump has threatened to withhold aid after fires in 2018 and 2020, and on the campaign trail in 2024.

    The emergency response system: It has been compromised by staff reductions and an air of unease, brought on by the administration, experts say.

    Read on ... for more about the politicization of disaster aid and for FEMA's response.

    When the Big One or another major disaster hits California, the emergency response will need to be massive. Fixing roads and other infrastructure; restoring power and cellphone service; providing food, shelter and and other essentials.

    For decades, state officials have operated knowing the federal government would step in almost immediately when they request help with response and recovery, including by providing hundreds of millions of dollars in assistance. However, California and federal disaster recovery officials say they’re concerned that President Donald Trump may retaliate against the state by delaying or withholding major disaster aid.

    And they’re sounding the alarm.

    “ We never really thought about what the president would do if a disaster were to happen,” said one longtime Federal Emergency Management Agency insider.

    But today: “You don't really have any idea which way it would go,” said the California-based FEMA employee who spoke anonymously for fear of professional retribution. “ Everyone just has to plan to be self reliant. And I'm not talking just individuals, but the states.  Because honestly it's really unpredictable to know what you can rely on.”

    Emergency management professionals and observers told LAist they now expect that offers of federal help from the Trump administration will come with strings attached.

    “Disaster declarations, especially in California, will be conditional on political policies being made in the state,” the FEMA employee said.

    It’s a reality state leaders are preparing for.

    “The governor basically told us that we need to think through when the next disaster happens and there's no federal assistance,” said Brian Ferguson, Gov. Gavin Newsom’s deputy cabinet secretary for emergency management.  ”The modern era of emergency management, which started under Jimmy Carter, is forever changing.”

    Some experts told LAist it’s unlikely Trump would flat-out deny aid to California — the optics would be too bad, they said. But they did say delays wouldn’t be a surprise.

    Their concern is rising as the broader system of disaster response is compromised by cuts and attrition in FEMA and other agencies, leaving the state and its nearly 40 million residents even more vulnerable to disasters.

    A Department of Homeland Security spokesperson said FEMA is “focused on warranted, non-political disaster response.”

    “In California and throughout the country, FEMA remains fully prepared and capable of responding to natural disasters,” the spokesperson said via email.

    Before publication, the agency did not respond to a request seeking the name of the spokesperson and did not agree to a phone interview.

    Why insiders are worried

    Myriad signs point toward the likelihood Trump could curtail or deny disaster assistance.

    During the 2018 Camp Fire, which destroyed the Northern California town of Paradise, Trump waffled on giving aid until he was told that it was his supporters who were affected.

    “We went as far as looking up how many votes he got in those impacted areas … to show him these are people who voted for you,” a former Trump aide told Politico then.

    Trump also denied aid to California after a string of wildfires — including the Creek, Bobcat and El Dorado blazes — in 2020, according to CNN, before changing his mind.

    During his campaign in 2024, he talked about denying disaster aid.

    “We’re not giving any of that fire money that we send you all the time for all the fire, forest fires that you have,” he said in the Central Valley, according to KQED.

    And he threatened to withhold wildfire money in response to California’s water management policies.

    “The level at which this has become politicized is unlike anything we've seen,” said Mark Ghilarducci, who ran the California governor’s Office of Emergency Services from 2012 to 2022.

    Even now, California is waiting on $34 billion of wildfire aid requested by Newsom after the L.A. fires. It includes requests to Congress for more than $20 billion to help rebuild communities.

    It’s not just the threats to disaster response and recovery funds that have observers worried. It’s also a pullback from funding disaster preparation.

    In April, FEMA said it was ending its Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities Program, calling it “another example of a wasteful and ineffective FEMA program … more concerned with political agendas than helping Americans affected by natural disasters.”

    The program was supposed to provide almost $33 million in funding to help reduce Land movement in Rancho Palos Verdes has slowed down, but the city is bracing for winter rains, according to a lawsuit filed by California and other states in response. Other projects on the chopping block were $21 million for flood mitigation in Sacramento and $32 million to retrofit a hospital in rural Kern County.

    What you can do to prepare

    The standard advice applies: Be prepared to be on your own for at least 72 hours, though I personally shoot for three weeks.

    That can include one gallon of water per person per day. Extra food (along with a way to cook it), medicine and first aid, clothing, a tent and blankets.

    Make sure to have your most important documents filed or scanned online, so that if you lose your home, you have something to share with officials.

    And before disaster strikes, work to establish connections with the immediate community around you. You’re more likely to be saved by one of them than first responders, who will inevitably be overwhelmed during a large crisis.

    For more, LAist has an extensive breakdown of what it’ll take to prepare for the Big One.

    — Jacob Margolis

    What’s happening inside FEMA 

    Several officials told LAist that even if aid is granted, so much damage has been done to the emergency management system that immediate response and long-term recovery will likely be compromised.

    The California-based FEMA official said Region 9 — which responds to disasters in California, Arizona, Nevada and Hawaii — has been hemorrhaging employees with extensive experience in disasters.

     ”Most people at FEMA just don't know what the future really holds, so they’re looking for other jobs,” the official said.

    Between January and June of this year, the number of FEMA employees fell by about 2,500, according to a recent report from the Government Accountability Office. The losses include 20 senior executives. Exact numbers for Region 9 weren’t immediately available.

    There’s an air of unease among federal emergency response workers, said a former White House employee who worked on emergency management and requested anonymity because of the fear of harassment. Those workers worry they could rush to help in the immediate aftermath of a disaster but then be second-guessed by a presidential administration that might see them as assisting a political enemy, the former official said.

    “ The smallest little things that run counter to the narrative that this administration prefers  run the risk of retribution,” the person said.

    Emergency officials may worry they could be fired or “reassigned to ICE or something like that.”

    “Whether it's happening or not,” the person said, “I think the environment has been created where people feel fearful of that.”

    Meanwhile, Southern Californians affected by the January fires already have struggled with what they say is a lack of federal support.

    “The federal government was always a backstop in times of need. And it's very possible that there's no additional help coming beyond the state and local responders.  So we're going to adjust to that reality,” said Ferguson, the senior Newsom adviser.

    But, Ferguson added, the smaller, rural, Trump-voting parts of California would be hit most heavily by a federal pullback.

    “With FEMA  stepping back, we're actually going to be less ready at a local level for whatever the next disaster is,” he said.

    Listen 31:11
    You’re at Union Station when the big one hits. The next two minutes are terrifying. By the time you make your way outside, the Los Angeles you know is gone. In Episode One, you experience what the first hours after a massive earthquake could be like.
    You’re at Union Station when the big one hits. The next two minutes are terrifying. By the time you make your way outside, the Los Angeles you know is gone. In Episode One, you experience what the first hours after a massive earthquake could be like.

  • New TSA program looks to increase private security

    Topline:

    Under the Transportation Security Administration's new program called TSA Gold+, private companies would play a much larger role in airport security than they have in decades.

    More details: The agency is billing the program as an update to the Screening Partnership Program, or SPP, in which 20 U.S. airports currently use private security screeners rather than federal workers.

    Why now: The agency says airports that opt into the program would be able to tailor security systems for their facility — and avoid the TSA staffing shortages that became a very public headache at airports during the recent government shutdown over Homeland Security funding.

    Read on... for more on the program.

    Federal officers handle security screening at all but a small fraction of U.S. airports, but the Trump administration is hoping to change that. Under the Transportation Security Administration's new program called TSA Gold+, private companies would play a much larger role in airport security than they have in decades.

    The TSA is set to host officials from airports and security contractors to an "industry day" at its Springfield, Va., headquarters on Thursday, as it looks to develop TSA Gold+, a public-private program that the agency calls "transformative."

    The agency is billing the program as an update to the Screening Partnership Program, or SPP, in which 20 U.S. airports currently use private security screeners rather than federal workers.

    "TSA Gold+ marks a significant evolution in the agency's approach to aviation security," a TSA spokesperson told NPR via an emailed statement.

    The agency says airports that opt into the program would be able to tailor security systems for their facility — and avoid the TSA staffing shortages that became a very public headache at airports during the recent government shutdown over Homeland Security funding.

    It also says the program would bring "the latest technology" such as AI tools to airport screening operations, to increase capacity and cut wait times, although the agency did not specify how those gains would be achieved. From the details shared so far, the equipment would be the contractors' responsibility — a departure from the current SPP system, in which TSA controls the equipment and oversees the security contract. The TSA says it would perform the oversight role it currently does.

    "Industry partners can manage equipment and introduce innovations, while travelers enjoy a smooth, predictable, and bespoke experience," the TSA said as it unveiled TSA Gold+.

    Airports currently using the private Screening Partnership Program range from San Francisco and Kansas City to Sarasota, Fla., and Atlantic City, N.J., along with smaller facilities in Montana, Wyoming and other states.

    Calls for privatizing airport security screening have come from President Donald Trump and Republicans in Congress, echoing a recommendation in the conservatives' Project 2025 handbook for a second Trump term. But there are also signs of bipartisan interest in some level of private control over airport security, as seen in Atlanta, where city leaders recently voted to explore joining the Screening Partnership Program.

    Rep. Andrew Garbarino, R-N.Y., chair of the House Committee on Homeland Security, touted that bipartisan interest on Wednesday during a hearing on TSA Modernization. But Everett Kelley, president of the American Federation of Government Employees union, which represents TSA officers, said he opposes further privatization — including the TSA Gold+ program, warning that it would hamper accountability and transparency.

    Under the new program, Kelley said, contract workers would earn less than TSA officers. He added that while many transportation security officers hold security clearances, under the new plan, the government "would be ceding direct operational control of the most sensitive technology in the aviation security enterprise to private vendors."

    The White House budget released last month promises to save some $52 million by privatizing airport screeners and requiring small airports to enroll in the SPP.

    But officials at the hearing urged lawmakers to preserve airports' ability to choose.

    Chris McLaughlin, CEO of Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, noted that the SPP has been in place since aviation security underwent drastic changes following the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, which led to the creation of the TSA and the SPP system.

    "We've had federalized screening for 25 years, almost," McLaughlin said. "Large airports like San Francisco have had an SPP program for 25 years."

    Both airports' arrangements work well for them, he told Garbarino.

    "The system has been safe for 25 years," he said. "It's important that airports have options."

    The new "Gold+" program echoes the Trump administration's promise to bring a "golden age of travel" to the American public. Department of Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy touted those plans earlier this week, as he unveiled $970 million in funding to improve passengers' experiences at airports, from adding family-friendly security screening lanes to improving restrooms and children's play areas.

    The money for those projects comes from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a Biden-era law aiming to update airports' aging infrastructure.
    Copyright 2026 NPR

  • Sponsored message
  • Highs around mid 80s to low 90s
    May gray skies provide a gloomy background over the Los Angeles basin in a view with homes and skyscrapers in the background. Palm trees line some of the streets below.
    May gray skies return this morning for coasts and some valleys.

    QUICK FACTS

    • Today’s weather: Cloudy beaches sunny elsewhere
    • Beaches: Mid-70s
    • Mountains: Mid-70s to 80s
    • Inland:  83 to 91 degrees
    • Warnings and advisories: None today

    What to expect: A marine layer will cover SoCal coasts today, bringing some cooling to the region. Elsewhere expect mostly sunny skies and highs around the mid 80s.

    Read on ... to learn more.

    QUICK FACTS

    • Today’s weather: Partly cloudy then sunny
    • Beaches: lower 70s degrees
    • Mountains: Mid-70s to 80s
    • Inland:  83 to 91 degrees
    • Warnings and advisories: None today

    A marine layer will cover mostly the coastal areas today, lowering temperatures a degree or two. Otherwise expect a sunny afternoon elsewhere across SoCal.

    L.A. County beaches will see temperatures in the lower 70s today, whereas Orange County could reach up to 79 degrees along the coast.

    More inland, the valleys will see highs in the mid 80s. The Inland Empire will see highs from 83 to 91 degrees. In Coachella Valley, temperatures are expected to reach up to 100 degrees.

  • Music festivals, Fleet Week and more
    A light-skinned man with a beard and jean jacket plays electric guitar onstage and sings.
    Kevin Morby plays the Wiltern on Friday.

    In this edition:

    Fleet Week, Exit the King at A Noise Within, the UCLA JazzReggae Festival, MAINopoly in Santa Monica and more of the best things to do this Memorial Day weekend.

    Highlights:

    • Tour the U.S.S. Iowa and check out the three visiting battleships at San Pedro’s Pacific Battleship Center during L.A.’s annual Memorial Day weekend Fleet Week on the waterfront. Plus, there are exhibits to walk through, food stands to try, and music for the whole family.
    • The name of this Eugène Ionesco classic alone — Exit the King — should give you some sense of where the always-on-point folks at A Noise Within were going when they chose it at this moment. The political satire borders on the absurd, with the L.A. Times likening the vibrant characters to “those in a deck of wild cards designed by Salvador Dalí.”
    • The nouveau bard of Kansas City, Kevin Morby, returns to his once-adopted hometown of Los Angeles on the heels of his newest release, Little Wide Open. Brooklyn-based Liam Kazar opens for him at The Wiltern. 
    • Eat your way down Main Street in Santa Monica at MAINopoly, the annual Monopoly-themed food festival, which will allow drinks while you walk and eat thanks to a new city permit. The popular food-and-bar stretch near the beach is experiencing a little revival with the reopening of dive bar favorite Circle Bar, plus newish hot spots like Triple Beam Pizza and June Shine.

    Happy long weekend! The Late Show with Stephen Colbert plays the funnyman’s swan song tonight, so my calendar is booked to stay up past my bedtime. Closer to home, the Yoko Ono exhibit (which comes to us straight from the Tate Modern in London) opens just in time for Memorial Day weekend, so watch this space for more on that.

    There’s music for lovers of every genre this week, according to our friends at Licorice Pizza. On Friday, Yungblud and special guests Warning rock the Greek, and Dethklok plays the Palladium; jazz trumpeter Chris Botti begins his residency at the Blue Note.

    Saturday, Bright Eyes performs I’m Wide Awake, It’s Morning and Digital Ash in a Digital Urn in their entirety at the Hollywood Bowl with openers the Moldy Peaches; American Football is at the Wiltern; Belgium’s Ultra Sunn plays the Belasco; Italy’s Mina is at the Echoplex; DJ KSHMR plays the Palladium; and then, for a different sort of “Kashmir,” Jason Bonham’s Led Zeppelin Evening takes over the Greek.

    On Sunday, brush your teeth with a bottle of Jack for the millennial dance party of the week at the Forum with Kesha, Chromeo and Sizzy Rocket. There’s also the big Day Trip afternoon concert at L.A. State Historic Park with Joseph Capriati, Toman and Cole Terrazas. For a more mellow Sunday, singer-songwriter Katelyn Tarver is at the Echoplex, R&B singer-songwriter Eric Bellinger plays the Novo, or classic crooner Paul Anka is doing it his way at the Cerritos Center for the Performing Arts.

    Elsewhere on LAist, you can check out four new food halls, wander around a favorite new Sundays-only bookstore, and yes, I’ll remind you again — make your upcoming Election Day picks with the help of our Voter Game Plan.

    Events

    L.A. Fleet Week

    Through Monday, May 25
    Pacific Battleship Center
    250 S. Harbor Blvd., San Pedro 
    COST: FREE; MORE INFO 

    A group of sailors in white uniforms, with four in tan uniforms, stand in formation on the 6th Street Bridge.
    (
    Courtesy L.A. Fleet Week
    )

    Tour the U.S.S. Iowa and check out the three visiting battleships at San Pedro’s Pacific Battleship Center during L.A.’s annual Memorial Day weekend Fleet Week on the waterfront. Plus, there are exhibits to walk through, food stands to try and music for the whole family. Not to mention those cute sailors in their whites.


    Topanga Days

    Saturday to Monday, May 23 to 25, 10 a.m. to 7 p.m.
    1440 N. Topanga Canyon Blvd., Topanga
    COST: ADULTS $31.80; MORE INFO

    A group of people pose for a picture in front of a stage under a sign that reads "Topanga Days."
    (
    Fadeout Media
    /
    Topanga Days
    )

    Topanga Days is the easiest way to time-travel back to a simpler time when folk musicians roamed the hills, winning a yodeling contest was the biggest bragging right and you spent all year coming up with your parade costume. Those days are here once a year at Topanga Days, headlined on Saturday by New Orleans icon Cyril Neville and peppered with cherry-seed-spitting and bubble-gum-blowing contests, tons of other music, food, and, of course, the parade.


    Exit the King

    Through Sunday, May 31
    A Noise Within
    3352 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena
    COST: FROM $49.75; MORE INFO 

    A man dressed in clown makeup holds a scepter while two woman stand behind him onstage.
    (
    Craig Schwartz
    /
    Lucy PR
    )

    The name of this Eugène Ionesco classic alone — Exit the King — should give you some sense of where the always-on-point folks at A Noise Within were going when they chose it at this moment. The political satire borders on the absurd, with the L.A. Times likening the vibrant characters to “those in a deck of wild cards designed by Salvador Dalí.”


    K-Expo

    Saturday and Sunday, May 23 to 24
    L.A. Live 
    1005 Chick Hearn Court, Downtown L.A.
    COST: FREE; MORE INFO

    A black, pink and blue poster that reads "2026 K-Expo USA at L.A. Live All About K-style."
    (
    Courtesy BLND PR
    )

    K-Pop fans will flock to the K-Expo at L.A. Live, where you can see free exhibitions and events featuring 100 Korean brands and companies across content, beauty, food and technology all weekend long. Stick around Saturday night and grab a ticket (from $47) to the mega K-Pop concert at the Peacock Theater, featuring Jay Park and P1Harmony.


    MAINopoly 

    Sunday, May 24, 1 p.m. 
    Main Street, Santa Monica 
    COST: FROM $28.01; MORE INFO

    Five women hold drinks outdoors while standing near an oversized Monopoly jail square.
    (
    Courtesy MAINopoly Santa Monica
    )

    Eat your way down Main Street in Santa Monica at the annual Monopoly-themed food festival, which this year will allow drinks while you walk and eat thanks to a new city permit. The popular food-and-bar stretch near the beach is experiencing a little revival with the reopening of dive bar favorite Circle Bar, plus newish hot spots like Triple Beam Pizza and June Shine. I also heard a rumor that something new is finally coming into the old World Cafe space (!!).


    Arroyo Secodelic Festival

    Friday to Monday, May 22 to 25
    Various locations, Highland Park
    COST: VARIES; MORE INFO

    A trippy, multicolored poster for the Arroyo Secodelic Music Festival.
    (
    Courtesy Arroyo Secodelic
    )

    As LAist's Robert Garrova reports, a new four-day music festival takes over Figueroa Street in Highland Park this weekend. The Arroyo Secodelic Festival will feature 65 bands, with acts hailing from Los Angeles, Mexico and as far as France and Holland. Highlights include Flamin' Groovies, Fear and Adolescents.


    Angel City Chorale Spring Concert 

    Sunday, May 24, 4 p.m.
    Redondo Beach Performing Arts Center 
    1935 Manhattan Beach Blvd., Redondo Beach 
    COST: FROM $17; MORE INFO 

    Several dozen children in blue shirts and red scarves hold their hands in the air while singing on a stage.
    (
    Mel Stave Photography
    /
    Angel City Chorale
    )

    Enjoy the healing sounds of Angel City Chorale as they perform a new show with the theme "The Red Thread" as “a tribute to the beloved age-old parable and celebration of the invisible threads that connect as humans, our hopes, joys, resilience in the face of adversity, connection to nature and a shared planet Earth.”


    Kevin Morby

    Friday, May 22, 8 p.m.
    The Wiltern
    3790 Wilshire Blvd., Koreatown
    COST: $50-$60; MORE INFO 

    A light-skinned man with a beard and jean jacket plays electric guitar onstage and sings.
    Kevin Morby plays the Wiltern on Friday.
    (
    Jim Bennett
    /
    Getty Images
    )

    The nouveau bard of Kansas City returns to his once-adopted hometown of Los Angeles on the heels of his newest release, Little Wide Open. Morby's latest effort might be his most realized, fully embracing the Technicolor sweep of his indie-Americana sound — striking the sonic equivalent between a Terrence Malick film and Robert Frank's roadside photographs, seen through a passenger car window of a cross-country train. This time, Morby tapped Aaron Dessner of The National to serve as producer — who has most recently done the same for Taylor Swift, Gracie Abrams and Sharon Van Etten — alongside a constellation of collaborators, including Justin Vernon, Lucinda Williams, Katie Gavin, Mat Davidson and Meg Duffy. Brooklyn-based Liam Kazar opens. –Gab Chabrán


    UCLA JazzReggae Festival

    Monday, May 25, 11 a.m. to 6 p.m.
    UCLA Wilson Plaza
    COST: $26.14; MORE INFO 

    Three little birds told me to get down to the UCLA JazzReggae Festival on Memorial Day. The yearly music fest draws students and neighbors alike for a full day of sunshine, food, music and jammin’. The fest is fully organized and run by student volunteers, and has been since its founding 40 years ago.


    Forest Lawn Memorial Day remembrances

    Monday, May 25 
    Various locations 
    COST: FREE; MORE INFO 

    An overhead shot of a welcome center at a cemetery with a glowing cross above it.
    Forest Lawn in Glendale is one of several locations hosting Memorial Day events.
    (
    David McNew
    /
    Getty Images
    )

    Honor veterans across Los Angeles as Forest Lawn hosts Memorial Day remembrances at each of its six Southern California locations: Cathedral City, Covina Hills, Cypress, Glendale, Hollywood Hills and Long Beach. The parkwide events will celebrate the lives of those who served, with patriotic music, wreath layings, presentations and retirings of the flag, keynote addresses, presidential proclamations, invocations, giveaways, coffee and sweet treats. All events will include American Sign Language interpreters.

  • See its groundbreaking vfx on the big screen
    A young boy and a man wearing sunglasses and a leather jacket sit on a motorcycle, turned sideways in a flood-control channel. The man is pointing a rifle at something behind them while the boy looks at the man's face.
    Edward Furlong and Arnold Schwarzenegger in a scene from the 1991 film 'Terminator 2: Judgment Day.'

    Topline:

    Terminator 2: Judgment Day is back in select theaters this weekend, in celebration of the movie’s 35th anniversary. Considered one of the best action films and best sequels of all time, it’s also celebrated among film experts for its groundbreaking use of CGI visual effects — most notably for the T-1000 character, a liquid metal cyborg masquerading as an LAPD officer.

    Where to see the film in LA: American Cinematheque, The Academy Museum and The Vista are hosting screenings of Terminator 2: Judgment Day starting on May 22, but they’re already selling out. Additional screenings are on May 29 at Los Feliz 3, May 30 at Aero Theatre in Santa Monica and June 6 and 7 at The Vista in Los Feliz.

    Read on ... for behind-the-scenes details from the film's Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor.

    You could call it a fulfillment of Arnold Schwarzenegger’s famous promise from the first Terminator movie in 1984: “I’ll be back.”

    Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), the bigger budget, multi-award winning follow-up to that first film is coming back to theaters in Los Angeles starting this weekend, in celebration of the film’s 35th anniversary.

    Considered one of the best action films and best sequels of all time, it’s also celebrated among film experts for its groundbreaking use of CGI visual effects — most notably for the T-1000 character, a liquid metal cyborg masquerading as an LAPD officer, played by Robert Patrick.

    Where to watch ‘T2’ on the big screen

    While the American Cinematheque’s first two 35th anniversary screenings of Terminator 2 are already sold out, as of this article’s publishing time, tickets to screenings on May 29 (at Los Feliz 3) and May 30 (at Aero Theatre in Santa Monica) are still available.

    Tickets for screenings on May 22 at The Ojai Playhouse and June 6 and 7 at The Vista in Los Feliz are also still available, and Rialto Pictures also lists screenings on July 2-5 at The Frida Cinema in Santa Ana.

    And while the screening at The Academy Museum on May 27 (with the film’s Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor Dennis Muren in person) is sold out, we have you covered with some highlights from Muren’s interview with LAist below.

    Making the impossible possible with CGI

    Terminator 2, director James Cameron’s follow up to his surprise 1984 hit, The Terminator, was the first (and still only) movie in what would become the six-film Terminator franchise to earn an Oscar win or nomination.

    Ultimately, the film took home four Oscars — for visual effects (for Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Gene Warren, Jr. and Robert Skotak), makeup, sound, and sound effects editing — and also earned nominations for cinematography and film editing.

    The visual effects studio responsible for the T-1000 character’s CGI effects was Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), founded in 1975 by Star Wars creator George Lucas. Dennis Muren headed up their Terminator 2 team, which consisted of about 35 artists.

    Muren remembers first being taken with visual effects at the age of 6 or 7, watching The War of the Worlds (1953) in Los Angeles. He made his first film — a “creature feature” called Equinox — the summer between his freshman and sophomore years at Pasadena City College, and would go on to work for ILM on visual effects for movies like Star Wars, Indiana Jones, Terminator 2, Jurassic Park, and (fittingly) the 2005 version of War of the Worlds.

    A police officer with a mustache is in the bottom left, scratching his nose with his finger. Behind him is a hallway with black and white checkered linoleum tile floors. In the middle of the floor a metallic figure of a man rises up, only visible from the waist up.
    A scene from 'Terminator 2' (1991).
    (
    via film-grab.com
    )

    ILM and Muren began development on the CGI techniques that would be needed to pull off Terminator 2’s T-1000 character in movies like 1985’s Young Sherlock Holmes and 1989’s The Abyss, which was also directed by James Cameron.

    “ILM has been so good at being able to really do the impossible,” Muren said. “And we kind of joke about that, but we've got many different ways of doing things.”

    When the opportunity for Terminator 2 came up, Muren had also just returned from a year-long sabbatical he spent studying computer graphics, and said he was confident ILM had the tools needed to make the T-1000 character a reality.

    “We were ready to input the film digitally,” Muren explained. “[To] do all the manipulation in a computer instead of with optical film running through printers and going to labs for processing.”

    And when ILM got that digital system for “compositing” — combining live-action images, practical and CGI effects — working seamlessly, Muren says, “That was an incredible tool.”

    But that didn’t mean that pulling off a shiny, shape-shifting, liquid metal character successfully would be easy.

    “It's just complicated,” Muren explained. “You've just got this reflective material [and] how are we supposed to be able to see depth or shape when it's deforming?” But at the same time, Muren said, “that's what was exciting about it.”

    Muren says the trickiest scene for the team to figure out is when the T-1000 walks through a cell door made of metal bars. While it happens in a matter of seconds on screen, it amounted to 14 to 16 weeks of work for the visual effects team.

    “I always said that shot, even as we were doing it, and we got close to finishing, I said, ‘This is an absolutely impossible shot,’” Muren explained. So when they got it right, he said, “It was like a new world.”

    Today, while he says Jurassic Park (1993) is the film he’s now asked about most often, he always reminds people: “T2 was really the breakthrough film.”