The Brief

For you, our dear LAist readers, I will go that extra mile. And that includes plonking myself down next to the Los Angeles River for a few days, in a backyard known for being Coachella for mosquitoes, to see if an array of mosquito repellent tech — and other not-so-tech repellents — could protect me from those pesky ankle biters.

(While summer may be over, the mosquito season, which has been particularly vicious this year, lasts through November).

Here are the results of my admittedly not-very-scientific test, but you can get a sense of what worked well, and what didn’t work so well, over the days I spent in my colleague’s backyard. (She says she gets bit in her dirt backyard all the time.)

Starting with the ‘techiest’ tests

On day one, I knew I hit the jackpot. In the yard, right away, I saw a crowd of bugs, including mosquitoes, among the plants. Would they be scared off by Big Repellent? Or would I be reduced to a chewed up wreck of itchy pink blotches?

There are a few smaller mosquito tech companies, but the main one cornering the market on fancy tech gear is Thermacell, which makes dozens of products.

(Disclosure: I did ask Thermacell to send me a couple of products to try, but we don’t earn any commission on this. I also took steps to ensure fairness and accuracy in evaluating the tools, such as testing separately and over multiple days.)

One of the first items for my test was Thermacell’s MR450, a hand-held mosquito repellent device that looks like one of those retail inventory scanners. It’s designed for you to use while moving, mostly scent free, with 15 feet of protection.

It works by heating a small blue mat on a grill that disperses the main ingredient, EPA-approved insecticide allethrin, into the air. Instead of a battery, it runs by burning a tiny fuel cell that heats up the mat.

The MR450 is designed for you to carry while you move around. That grill on the top gets a touch warm!

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I powered it up, sat at a picnic table and worked on my laptop, waiting for a mosquito to make me their meal.

It immediately seemed to work — even though I could see mosquitoes right by me, I wasn’t getting bit.

Here's me, amping myself up to the camera while I get ready for my first test in the backyard.

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The first "casualty" about 20 minutes later: my right arm.

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I felt smug and safe… until about 20 minutes in, when I felt that annoying itch, and a red hive formed on my arm. Over the next few hours, I got about three bites, which, I admit, was far less than I thought I’d get.

The verdict: For a portable mosquito tool, it’s useful to a certain degree. Wind can alter the effectiveness because the repellent is in the air. The grill got a little too warm for my liking, and the ignition can be finicky, too. It’s clunky to carry around, but you can easily clip it onto a bag (just face the grill away from you). Both fuel and repellent will need to be replaced. Outdoor use only.

The next day, I returned to the backyard to try the next device on my list — Thermacell's E55 and E90. These are table devices that work like a diffuser and disperse another insecticide, metofluthrin, as the main ingredient. You just place it on a table near you and get 20 feet of protection. It’s rechargeable via a USB cable, and battery life is the main difference between the two models.

This is the E55 in a baby blue, which has the same design as the E90.

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The table devices work by putting a small repellent container into the charged device and allowing it to warm up. A tiny mist comes out without a noise or smell.

I did the same thing as before and exposed my ankles and shoulders for mosquitoes to munch on while I worked on my laptop. And despite seeing many mosquitos, I only got three bites over a few hours.

The verdict: Easy to set it and forget it. The effectiveness is still susceptible to wind, but that was less of an issue while I was sitting still. Only the repellent will need to be replaced. Outdoor use only.

Mosquito bracelets

I purchased the first bracelet from Switch Catch on Amazon. There are likely hundreds of versions of this online, but this was a “kids” version that uses plant-based oils like citronella and eucalyptus to repel insects.

The band is simple: You put a very tiny stick of the oils into both ends and screw the cap on. Unlike the Thermacell tools, this natural repellent can be used indoors and outdoors.

Tons of online selleres make plant-based bracelets like these for very cheap.

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The other bracelet I tried was a truly no-tech one. BuggyBeds’ repellent band can be used straight out the bag, even as a hair scrunchie, and it’s also plant-based.

The drawback of bands like these are that the citronella scent can be quite strong, and there’s a concern that natural repellents aren’t nearly as effective as other common mosquito repellent ingredients. These are also personal repellents, so there’s not an extended radius of protection to keep those around you from being bit.

I sat at the picnic table again and watched for bites. And at the end of a few hours — I had none. Nothing, nada. Eureka, right? Except I realized there was a catch in my testing methods. The day I used the bracelets, it was cooler, and mosquitoes tend to be more active in warmer temperatures. So was the lack of bites due to the bracelets? I’m not convinced. But maybe it was. Hard to tell.

The verdict: Bands are easy for anyone to use but they have a strong scent. Swift Catch’s bracelet will need refills. BuggyBeds is one-time use but claims that bands last up to 300 hours. They use plant-based repellents, which may not work as well as other repellents. Can be used indoor and outdoors.

Classic sprays and lotions

So how does all of these new-ish products compare to the traditional stuff — good ‘ole spray and lotion? I went back for a fourth day (yes, I was committed to the task) to see.

I put on Sawyer’s picaridin lotion, Jungle Juice deet spray and Ben’s deet wipes, plus a natural spray from All Terrain called Herbal Armor with a largely soybean and citronella oil base.

And I made sure to use them on different parts of my body and washed them off in between.

The traditional repellents I checked out.

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Luckily this day was as hot as the first two days when I tested the tech devices, so I felt it was a fair comparison. So after two hours, covered in lotion, what happened?

Well … no bites. Not even after mosquitos visibly landed on me. (I was waiting for the itch, but it never came). I really was quite surprised.

The picaridin and deet gave me the strongest protection. The jury is out for me on whether Herbal Armor made much of a difference.

The verdict: Deet and picaridin are well-documented being effective, but keep in mind that some deet products can have a strong scent. And compared to the tech, there were drawbacks: the deet was greasy to put on and had a strong smell, as did the picaridin. But the latter was a lotion that soaked in pretty smoothly and wasn’t as greasy.

Overall conclusion

My overall conclusion from my four days of testing? One, is that the itching I had from about six bites was worth it to give you some useful information. Second, is that I think all the products had benefits and drawbacks, and that I’d probably use both the lotion and tech in different situations and contexts, like if I’m doing something quick outside or deep in the hills camping.

So for those tech devotees out there — it wasn’t a slam dunk. It just goes to show that traditional stuff may not be replaced just yet.

What studies say about repellents

A 2017 study out of New Mexico State University found that spray-on repellent with deet or PMD (a natural repellent compound) had the highest efficacy compared to other main ingredients tested, while wearable devices with metofluthrin (the main ingredient in Thermacell’s table device) significantly reduced the number of mosquitoes attracted. They found that citronella had no effect.

Likewise, a 2019 study from the Innovative Vector Control Consortium in the United Kingdom found that metofluthrin and allethrin (the main ingredient in Thermacell’s handheld device) in airborne repellents are effective against Culex and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are commonly found in Southern California.

The results may vary on the effectiveness of certain types of repellents, so always check with your doctor about what’s best. Some experts believe that natural repellents aren’t worth trying, but concentration, environment and ingredients could change that.

How to keep pets from being bitten

Most of the repellants that are OK for humans can harm pets, and thick fur doesn't protect them from mosquito bites.

"Mosquitoes don't care how much hair there is," said veterinarian David Clark, director of the Pet Health Center at the Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona. "They're small enough, they just get down in there and get breakfast."

Mosquitoes in the U.S. can carry heartworms, which are parasites that enter an animal's bloodstream though mosquito bites and live in the heart. They can kill dogs and cats.

Dog owners have multiple medications to chose from, including chewable tablets and topical medications that can be given to the animal at home, and injections administered annually at veterinary clinic. There is no treatment for heartworms in cats once they are infected, so prevention is the only means of protecting them from the disease.

Clark said products containing permethrin act as a mosquito repellant and kill fleas and ticks when used as directed on dogs, but too much can be toxic. The products can 't be used at all on cats.

Veterinarians recommend topical monthly medications for cats, such as Revolution and Advantage Multi.

He said his best advice is to keep mosquitoes out of your home and yard by dumping standing water where the insects breed and putting up well-fitting screens on windows and doors.

LAist reporter Jackie Fortier contributed to this report.

California clocked its second-worst snowpack on record Wednesday, a potentially troubling signal ahead for fire season.

It’s an alarming end to a winter that saw abnormally dry conditions briefly wiped from California’s drought map in January, for the first time in a quarter-century.

Though precipitation to date has been near average, much of it fell as rain rather than snow. Then March’s record-breaking heat melted most of the snow that remains. The state’s major reservoirs are nevertheless brimming above historic averages and are flirting with capacity, and a smattering of snow, rain and thunderstorms are dousing last month’s heat wave.

But experts now warn that California’s case of the missing snowpack could herald an early fire season in the mountains.

On Wednesday, state engineers conducting the symbolic April 1 snowpack measurement at Phillips Station south of Lake Tahoe found no measurable snow in patches of white dotting the grassy field.

“I want to welcome you call to probably one of the quickest snow surveys we’ve had — maybe one where people could actually use an umbrella,” joked Karla Nemeth, director of the California Department of Water Resources. “We’re getting a lot of questions about are we heading into a hydrologic drought? The answer is, I don’t know.”

State data reports that California’s snowpack is closing out the season at an alarming 18% of average statewide, and an even more abysmal 6% of average in the northern mountains that feed California’s major reservoirs.

Only the extreme drought year of 2015 beat this year’s snowpack for the worst on record, measuring in at just 5% of average on April 1st, when the snow historically is at its deepest.

“I think everyone's anticipating that it will be a long, busy fire season,” said Lenya Quinn-Davidson, director of the UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Fire Network.

“Without a snowpack, and with an early spring, it just means that there’s much more time for something like that to happen.”

‘It’s pretty bizarre up here’ 

In the city of South Lake Tahoe, which survived the massive Caldor Fire in the fall of 2021 without losing any structures, fire chief Jim Drennan said his department is already ramping up prevention efforts.

“It's pretty bizarre up here right now. It really seems like June conditions more than March,” Drennan said. “People are already turning the sprinklers on for their lawns.”

Without more precipitation, an early spring may complicate prescribed burning efforts. But Drennan said fire agencies in the Tahoe basin can start mechanically clearing fuels from forest areas earlier than usual.

“That means we can get more work done,” he said.

It also means homeowners need to start hardening their homes now, said Martin Goldberg, battalion chief and fuels management officer for the Lake Valley Fire Protection District, which protects unincorporated communities in the Lake Tahoe Basin’s south shore.

Goldberg urges residents to scour their yards for burnable materials, create defensible space and reach out to local fire departments with questions. The risks are widespread — from firewood, wooden fences, gas cans, plants, pine needles — even lawn furniture stacked against a house.

“In years past, I wouldn't even think of raking and clearing until May,” Goldberg said. “But my yard's completely cleared of snowpack, and it has been for a couple weeks now.”

‘A haystack fire’

Battalion chief David Acuña, a spokesperson for Cal Fire, said fire season is shaped by more than just one year’s snowpack.

Climate change has been remaking California’s fire seasons into fire years. And California’s recent average to abundant water years have fueled what Acuña called “bumper crops of vegetation and brush.”

“Most of California is like a haystack. And if you’ve ever seen a haystack fire, they burn very intensely because there's layers of fuel,” Acuña said.

Like Quinn-Davidson, Acuña wasn’t ready to make specific predictions about fires to come.

But John Abatzoglou, a professor of climatology at UC Merced, said the temperatures and snowpack conditions this year offer a glimpse of California in the latter decades of this century, as fossil fuel use continues to drive global temperatures higher.

How this year’s fires will play out will depend on when, where and how wind, heat, fuel and ignitions combine. But it foreshadows the consequences of a warmer California for water and fire under climate change.

“This,” Abatzoglou said, “is yet another stress test for the future in the state.”

This article was originally published on CalMatters and was republished under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives license.

Thousands of immigrants who are lawfully in California are set to lose their food assistance benefits, known as CalFresh, starting this month.

The new restrictions stem from H.R. 1 — also known as the “Big Beautiful Bill” — which Congress passed last year.

The changes remove eligibility for certain noncitizens, including people with refugee status and victims of trafficking. It also applies to immigrants from Iraq and Afghanistan who have special immigrant visas for helping the U.S. government overseas.

 ”These are folks … many of whom have large families that we have a commitment to as a country because we welcomed them and invited them here to find a place of refuge,” said Cambria Tortorelli, president of the International Institute of Los Angeles, a refugee resettlement agency. “They’re authorized to work and they’ve been brought here by the U.S. government.”

The federal spending bill, H.R. 1, made sweeping cuts to social safety net programs, including food assistance and Medicaid. In signing the bill, President Donald Trump said the changes were delivering on his campaign promises of “America first.”

Officials estimate 23,000 people in Los Angeles County will be affected. The state estimates about 72,000 immigrants with lawful presence will be affected across California.

CalFresh is the state’s version of the federally funded Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP. Undocumented immigrants have not been eligible to receive CalFresh benefits.

State officials say noncitizens who are currently receiving benefits will continue to get them until it’s time to renew their benefits — adding that people might be able to receive benefits again if their legal status changes to lawful permanent residents.

Who the changes apply to:

• Asylees
• Refugees
• Parolees (unless they are Cuban and Haitian entrants)
• Individuals with deportation or removal withheld
• Conditional entrants
• Victims of trafficking
• Battered noncitizens
• Iraqi or Afghan with special immigrant visas (SIV) who are not lawful permanent residents (LPR)
• Certain Afghan Nationals granted parole between July 31, 2021, and Sept. 30, 2023
• Certain Ukrainian Nationals granted parole between Feb. 24, 2022, and Sep. 30, 2024