Dyeing the Chicago River green is a St. Patrick's Day tradition. How did it start?

Updated March 17, 2025 at 10:52 AM ET

In 1962, Chicago city workers dumped 100 pounds of dye into the river flowing through downtown Chicago. It left the river emerald green for an entire week and kick-started an annual tradition.

The dyeing of the Chicago River has become synonymous with St. Patrick's Day celebrations in the United States, but where did the tradition originate?

The green dye was originally part of the city's effort to clean up the river's waterfront areas, which had long been a depository for Chicago's waste. So much so that Upton Sinclair mentioned one of the river's tributaries, Bubbly Creek, in his famous novel The Jungle.

Bubbly Creek got its name from the methane gas bubbles that would regularly rise to the surface due to discarded waste from a large slaughterhouse nearby.

As the city grew in size, efforts to clean the river increased, including the construction of waste treatment plants and even a canal that permanently reversed the flow of the river, bringing clean water from Lake Michigan into the mouth of the river.

When Richard J. Daley took office as the mayor of Chicago in 1955, he was determined to develop the riverfront and tasked city workers with finding where the sewage was coming from. They used the green dye to help identify the source of the waste.

Although Daley had originally proposed dyeing part of Lake Michigan green to celebrate St. Patrick's Day, he was persuaded by his friend Stephen M. Bailey, who was the business manager of the Chicago Plumbers Union, to dye the more manageably sized Chicago River instead — and a tradition was born.

The dye used was originally an oil-based product, but has since been changed to a food-grade powder, which ironically is orange, and the formula is a closely guarded secret.

"Illinois EPA has never required a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit so there is no way to know what the dye is or whether it is harmless," Margaret Frisbie, executive director of Friends of the Chicago River, said in a statement to NPR in 2022.

Nearly two decades ago though, the U.S. EPA said the dye was a non-toxic mix that the plumbers used to find leaks in pipe connections. More recently, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, which has a duty to protect the region's waterways, says there's no harm in the coloring of the Chicago River. In a statement to NPR this past Friday, the agency said "while the St. Patrick's Day dye's exact ingredients are a closely guarded secret, our research has shown no ill effects to water quality or aquatic life."

In the past, the city has experimented with ways to distribute the powder. Edward Burke, then a Chicago Alderman, told NPR in 2013: "One time we used fire extinguishers, thinking that would help dissipate it quicker." Living up to its namesake The Windy City, the powder covered the Wrigley Building and more than 100 cars instead.

Today the orange powder is spread by two motorboats. One dumps the powder and the other stirs the water, turning the river completely green within minutes.

And although the dye used in the river is said to be harmless, advocacy groups such as the Friends of the Chicago River are worried the practice encourages copycats who may be using unapproved dye in other portions of the river.

"Dyeing the Chicago River green perpetuates the notion that it can be treated anyway anyone wants," Frisbie said. "Now more than ever our land and waterways need protection and our traditions need to evolve to reflect that."

Austin Happel, a research biologist at Chicago's Shedd Aquarium who studies urban fresh water systems, agrees the image of the city's sanctioned dye dump could prompt others to try their own version. However, Happel says as he conducts research on what areas of the Chicago River fish favor, he hasn't seen any behavior changes or any "fish kills" as a result of the greening of the river. He says a bigger issue is contamination that can occur from heavy rainfalls and sewer overflows.

Other U.S. cities, including San Antonio, Tampa, and Indianapolis, have since begun dyeing their own rivers and canals.

And regardless of protests from environmental groups, the dyeing of the Chicago River doesn't seem to be going anywhere. Thousands gathered on Saturday to celebrate and witness the annual tradition.

This story, originally published in 2022, has been updated by NPR's Cheryl Corley with new reporting and republished to mark Chicago's 2025 St. Patrick's celebration.

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