The Brief

In the first months of 2023, California State University, Fullerton seemed poised to make progress on the repatriation of Native American cultural artifacts and human remains.

University administrators, staff, and others identified a location to conduct repatriation work on campus. It would be a place that Native Americans help create and be devoted to their work to bring ancestors back to their tribes for re-burial.

“The sixth floor of the library would balance having a secure location for ancestral remains and associated funerary collections, until repatriation,” said now-former Vice Provost Estela Zarate via email.

The library would allow access to the artifacts and ancestors, she said, and once built out, the space would be a place where Native Americans could collaborate on repatriation work as well as pray.

But in February 2023, momentum hit a wall. Carolyn Thomas, a longtime university administrator who put Zarate in charge of repatriation, was removed from her provost job. Three months later, Zarate, who holds a PhD in education, was informed that her position was being eliminated, she told LAist.

The two administrators’ ousting and the impact it had underlines a problem familiar to repatriation experts: the need for more consistent leadership at campuses to ensure cultural items and ancestors are returned faster to Native American tribes.

What progress had been made?

A state audit released in June 2023 revealed that the Cal State University system had not complied with state and federal repatriation laws, falling short on funding, staff, and policies to support repatriation.

Cal State Fullerton was one of those underwhelming campuses. But, as the auditors wrote, the school said it had started "organizing its collections to allow for long‑term storage and easier identification." And in September 2022, Fullerton hired Megan Lonski as the university’s first full-time repatriation coordinator. Zarate said her repatriation work with Lonski was driven in large part by social justice.

“My scholarship has examined how historically marginalized communities are served/underserved by education institutions and in that context, I understood the significance of this work,” Zarate said.

Lonski and Zarate created a repatriation advisory committee that included representatives from area tribes. Zarate said she and Lonski, along with the committee, drafted the university’s first repatriation policy. The 2023 audit revealed that only half of the CSU campuses had such a committee and even fewer had tribal members in that committee and just a handful had adopted a campus repatriation policy.

Native Americans who had watched Cal State Fullerton’s repatriation efforts advance and regress said something was different in early 2023.

“I was pleasantly surprised because it appeared that they were now understanding the importance of complying with the law,” said Joyce Perry, a member of Cal State Fullerton’s repatriation advisory committee and cultural resource director of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation-Belardes.

CSU Fullerton's then-provost Carolyn Thomas speaks during the 2022 convocation.

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Courtesy CSU Fullerton

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CSU Fullerton Provost Amir Dabirian delivers his welcome remarks for the 2023 Convocation.

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Matt Gush

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Courtesy CSU Fullerton

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To Perry, the library space was a forward-thinking and dignified approach.

“[Zarate] guaranteed us that this attempt is not going to lose its momentum and that we will get this done, that the University is committed to this process,” Perry said.

What were the plans for a repatriation space?

According to a copy of the blueprint obtained by LAist, the space would have been about 4,700 square feet. Much of the space would house about 4,200 boxes containing Native American items in the university’s possession, plus work tables. The other third of the space, according to the blueprint, would have been mostly taken up by three rooms: a green room, a meeting room/office, and another room in which boxes with the ancestors would be kept.

The plan for a roughly 4,700 square foot built out in CSU Fullerton's library. The plan did not come to fruition.

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Blueprint obtained from Cal State Fullerton

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“Those elements were to house the ancestors and make it a space where we could come and speak to anthropologists about them and or pray,” Perry said, “It just was going to be something that was designed specifically for our needs.”

In March 2023, President Framroze Virjee appointed Amir Dabirian as provost, replacing Thomas. Virjee stepped down as university president four months later. Virjee did not respond to an email requesting comment about the removal of Thomas and Zarate and whether he considered how their departure would affect repatriation efforts.

In the months after Dabirian took over, it was clear the library buildout would not happen.

“The new provost came in and scratched it and said that's over,” said Carl Wendt, a longtime professor of archaeology at Cal State Fullerton and member of the repatriation committee.

Instead, the school set its sights on basement storage in one of the campus' academic buildings.

“We went from having this multimillion dollar buildout in this great location to, ‘You're gonna get this old store room, we're going to clear this stuff out,'" Wendt said.

Was that a broken promise?

“We're so accustomed to that… it almost goes without saying in almost any institution that we work with,” Perry said.

However, she said, Dabirian assured her the scuttling of the library plan would not affect the university’s repatriation momentum.

“As long as we were getting our needs met, and ultimately bringing our ancestors and their belongings home and back into Mother Earth, that really is our biggest concern,” she said.

How did the new provost change the plans?

CSUF said it was made aware of LAist’s email to Virjee and that he wouldn’t be able to answer questions, but current Provost Dabirian would. LAist described the blueprint to the provost, who didn’t deny its contents.

But Dabirian recalled the elimination of the library plan differently.

“When I came in, I gave [the repatriation committee] an alternative and I worked hard to secure spaces,” Dabirian said.

The library buildout, he said, would cost about $3 million and take one to two years to complete. He said he proposed the use of rooms in the basement of McCarthy Hall, one of the original campus buildings from the early 1960s, because they presented both a more long-term and immediate plan for the cultural artifacts and ancestors. He also said the basement had better climate control.

“We did not say, ‘We will not do Plan A.’ We said ‘We wanna try Plan B, which is better,’” he said.

Committee members, including tribal members, visited the basement and agreed it was better, Dabirian added.

“We got confirmation before we moved forward. So to me that's not a broken promise,” he said.

Dabirian said Zarate reported to him and he informed her that her services as an administrator would no longer be needed. He would not comment further on the removal of the vice provost.

Repatriation is a process that involves extensive negotiations with tribes and meticulous accounting of what universities have, Dabirian said. He also said his campus is making great strides in the return to tribes of what is theirs, although he could not give a timeline of when that process may be completed.

What comes next?

News of Zarate and Thomas’ removal and its effect on repatriation reached California’s most powerful Native American legislator.

“Consistent leadership is one factor in ensuring that reparation is performed thoughtfully and thoroughly,” Assemblymember James Ramos told LAist via email.

Ramos said he continues to have questions about “what steps CSU and UC are taking to institutionalize and prioritize the return of Native American human remains and artifacts so the process may continue without interruptions despite changes in leadership.”

Ramos’ office said a public hearing is planned for next month so that leaders of the CSU and UC systems can tell policymakers what progress they’re making.

Wendt, the professor, said his concerns that relations with tribes would be affected by the change in plans have not come to pass. Responding to Dabirian’s account of the library and basement plans, Perry said she would have liked the library buildout, but is happy with the current allocation of rooms in McCarthy Hall’s basement.

“Out of all the institutions we’re working with, Cal State Fullerton is the most aggressive and progressive in working with our tribe with the intention of returning our ancestors to us,” she said.

“Their actions have spoken louder than their words,” she said.

Updated January 03, 2026 at 03:34 AM ET

The Venezuelan government is accusing the U.S. of causing multiple explosions and fires that were reported around Caracas overnight. It is not immediately clear what caused the blasts. Videos circulating on social media platforms and first-person accounts indicate the explosions began at around 2 am local time (1 am EST.)

In a post on Telegram the government reacted swiftly and sternly: "The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela rejects, condemns, and denounces before the international community the extremely grave military aggression carried out by the current Government of the United States of America against Venezuelan territory and population, targeting civilian and military locations in the city of Caracas, the capital of the Republic, and the states of Miranda, Aragua, and La Guaira. This act constitutes a flagrant violation of the Charter of the United Nations"

The Pentagon referred all questions to the White House.

The explosions come as the United States has been increasing pressure on the Venezuelan government of Nicolás Maduro, who the Trump administration accuses of leading a drug cartel dubbed Los Soles v— The Suns — Cartel. Since late August the U.S. has sent aircraft carriers and warships to the Caribbean. The U.S. military has struck dozens of small boats it says were transporting drugs to the U.S. At least 105 people have been killed in at least 35 known strikes on the small vessels.

A journalist in Caracas reports waking to two explosions that hit the La Carlota military airport in front of her home. She could see two fires on the runway that were quickly extinguished. Immediately following the explosions, she reports hearing similar detonations in other parts of the city and then planes flying low around the city for at least an hour. Relatives have sent videos — which NPR cannot verify — showing multiple explosions in different parts of the metropolitan area, including the military base near the Presidential Palace Miraflores.

Maduro had accused the U.S. of trying to remove him from power to gain access to Venezuela's vast oil reserves, among the largest in the world.

Copyright 2026 NPR

LACC Swap Meet has been running in Los Angeles City College’s parking lot for nearly 30 years, but one of its owners says city officials are trying to destroy the business to support street vendors.

The owners are suing the city of L.A. for allegedly interfering with business and contractual relations at the swap meet. They claim the problems stem from Councilmember Hugo Soto-Martinez, who they say blocked sidewalk vending enforcement and other requests for help from the owners.

If they succeed with the lawsuit, which was filed in L.A. County Superior Court last week, they are asking for more than $30 million in damages.

Soto-Martinez told LAist he wants a solution for street vendors and the swap meet.

L.A. City Attorney’s Office did not immediately respond to LAist’s requests for comment.

Why the lawsuit is happening

According to the lawsuit, the swap meet owners claim that Soto-Martinez has a “personal vendetta” against the swap meet’s co-owner, Phillip Dane, and is trying to get him removed from managing the swap meet.

They allege that Soto-Martinez used his influence to allow the vendors to keep working outside the venue even though city law prohibits them from doing so near swap meets.

“The vendors were encouraged to do this and were even assisted in doing this, by the City and its officials, including City Councilmember Hugo Soto-Martinez,” the lawsuit reads.

It also says Dane called the Los Angeles Police Department multiple times to respond to problems with the street vendors, but his requests were blocked. His applications for temporary parking restrictions were denied as well.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several vendors left the then-closed swap meet to set up on the sidewalk. As LAist reported, many didn’t return to the swap meet after it reopened, choosing to stay outside the college.

Some claimed Dane harassed them for doing so.

Sidewalk vending near L.A. City College has grown since then. Dane told LAist vendors are now on Marathon and Monroe streets, as well as Madison and Vermont avenues — too close to the college, he said.

Dane has asked the city to make the vendors move, which has upset some residents in the community. Since taking over, he’s faced allegations of being a gentrifier against street vendors.

Dane disagrees.

“Show me. How am I anti-street vending? By asking a vendor to please not set up right in front of the swap meet because you’re hurting your friends?” he told LAist.

The lawsuit claims that street vendors, led by Soto-Martinez, have left trash on the property and caused other problems creating “several million dollars” in damages each year.

The excessive foot traffic and cars drew away business, according to the lawsuit, lowering profits for the swap meet. It also says the owners have paid lower rent as a result, which Dane said has been happening for three years. Their rent is an unfixed amount based on profits.

The councilmember’s reaction

Nick Barnes-Batista, a spokesperson for Soto-Martinez, said his office wasn’t aware of the lawsuit until LAist reached out Friday.

The councilmember didn’t respond to specific claims in the suit but told LAist in a statement that as a son of street vendors, he understands the role they play in culture and the economy.

“It’s essential to bring together residents, vendors from inside and outside the swap meet, and LACC to build a system that supports safe vending while respecting the needs of the local community and the swap meet itself,” he said.

No court dates have yet been scheduled.

Members of a University of Southern California program are developing an AI program meant to help law enforcement agencies improve their interactions with the communities they serve.

The Everyday Respect Project partnered with the Los Angeles Police Department to analyze body camera footage of 1,000 random traffic stops. Now, they are using what they have found to train an AI model to look through countless hours of videos for critical elements of good policing — respect and de-escalation.

Benjamin Graham is an associate professor of political science at USC and helps to manage the project, which is being conducted by a team of professors, students and members of the community.

 ”LAPD conducts, give or take, a thousand stops a day,” Graham told LAist. He said those stops lead to thousands upon thousands of hours of body camera footage.

In most cases, Graham said, the body camera videos are uploaded to the cloud and never seen. He said only an automated program could sort through this rich source of data, analyze it and reveal the stories it holds.

With AI able to look through this data, Graham said police and sheriffs departments across the country could identify officers who are best able to communicate respectfully during traffic stops to be given promotions or training positions. They also could find the best techniques for officers to bring down the temperature in high-stress situations.

Georgetown University, the University of California, Riverside, and the University of Texas at Austin also are working with USC on the project.

What they’ve found so far

Graham told LAist researchers spoke with a wide range of community stakeholders, including community organizations that are critical of law enforcement and working police officers, to understand different perspectives of what separates a good traffic stop from a bad one.

They heard from thousands of Angelenos through surveys and interviews, reviewed LAPD training materials and rode along with officers on the streets. Graham said they focused on those diverse community perspectives throughout the project.

“ We have former law enforcement officers who are annotating this data,” he told LAist. “We have individuals who have been arrested before, and we have a lot of Angelenos from ... a range of ages, races, genders, professional backgrounds.”

Graham presented some of the Everyday Respect Project’s findings to the L.A. Board of Police Commissioners on Dec. 16.

He said researchers involved in the project analyzed 500 traffic stops in which LAPD officers conducted searches of the drivers they pulled over and another 500 stops in which there were no searches.

They found in cases when no search was conducted, some drivers were treated differently by officers based on their perceived race and wealth.

Researchers found that Black drivers were treated with more respect than Hispanic drivers. White drivers were pulled over least often, and the researchers did not find a significant difference between how white and non-white drivers were treated.

Of drivers who were stopped by police but weren’t searched, the researchers found those who were perceived as more wealthy also were treated with more respect by officers.

They did not find significant differences in how drivers were treated due to perceived race or wealth in stops in which searches were conducted.

Across all stops, the researchers found the more respect they perceived an officer showing to a driver they pulled over, the more legitimate the researchers would tend to rate the stop overall.

The LAPD has not responded to LAist’s request to comment on these findings.

Training AI to tell good traffic stops from bad

After analyzing and manually taking detailed notes on the first 1,000 traffic stops, Graham said the researchers are using what they’ve found to build an AI tool that can do the same thing — but is able to cover vastly more data and is accessible free of charge for any law enforcement agency.

To do this, Graham said team members use their notes as training data for the AI model.

By having humans label a number of things that happened or didn’t happen in videos of traffic stops, Graham told LAist, the AI model they are developing can learn to predict what humans will say about other videos.

“You're trying to train a model to do the same job that a human being does when it watches the video,” he said.

These notes include things like whether a search happened and at what time, whether officers explained the reason for the stop, if the driver complied with requests from the officer and any efforts by officers to de-escalate tense situations.

Graham said other companies have been working on AI tools to sell to departments, as well, but that the Everyday Respect Project is unique in its effort to build community perspectives into the program that will be fully open-source and open-science.

That means anyone can see exactly how the program works and the research behind it.

What could be coming next?

Graham said the Everyday Respect Project will be working through the winter and spring to improve the AI model and use it to analyze more LAPD bodycam videos. Then they will present their new findings to the police commissioners and release their AI model to the public.

It still is uncertain whether LAPD will use the Everyday Respect Project’s AI program once it is completed, but Captain Shannon White of LAPD’s Strategic Planning and Policies Division told the police commission Dec. 16 that the department looks forward to using the group’s research to spark “actionable change within the department.”

The LAPD has not responded to LAist’s questions about whether or how it will use the AI program once it is made available.

Graham told LAist other departments have shown interest in continuing to work with the Everyday Respect Project and the program in the future.

He said they may soon be working with the Rochester Police Department in New York on a trial to find the most effective de-escalation techniques for officers.

“ That's an incredible piece of learning that we can bring to improve policing, to improve officer safety, community safety, the whole nine yards,” Graham told LAist.

As of January, California is the first state in the country to partner with a nonprofit to develop, produce and sell its own insulin as a solution to the widespread unaffordability of the life-saving hormone that helps the body process or store blood sugar from food.

The nonprofit Civica will develop a CalRx Insulin Glargine pen – referred to as “biosimilar insulin,” meaning it references a U.S. Food & Drug Administration-approved product and has no “clinically meaningful differences from their reference product in terms of safety, purity, and potency.”

This CalRx pen can be substituted for Lantus and other branded insulin glargine, according to a spokesperson from the state’s Department of Health Care Access and Information (HCAI).

“California didn’t wait for the pharmaceutical industry to do the right thing — we took matters into our own hands,” Gov. Gavin Newsom said in an October news release about the CalRx insulin. “No Californian should ever have to ration insulin or go into debt to stay alive — and I won’t stop until health care costs are crushed for everyone.”

CalRx aims to be another competitor in the field by introducing a lower-cost alternative — and possibly put “pressure on other manufacturers to lower their prices as well.”

According to the state and Civica, the suggested retail price is:

• No more than $30 for a 10mL vial of insulin
• No more than $55 for a 5-pack of 3 mL pens

According to the HCAI spokesperson in an email to KQED, the “out-of-pocket cost may be lower, depending on insurance coverage.”

Advocates for people with diabetes see the production as a win.

“We look forward to the rollout of CalRx® insulin in January,” said Christine Fallabel, director of state government affairs at the American Diabetes Association, in an email to KQED. “Any meaningful step to improve insulin affordability and provide additional options is a win for people with diabetes.”

Fallabel also pointed to the recent passage of Senate Bill 40 — which prohibits high copayments for a month’s supply of insulin — as another state decision that helps with accessibility.

The initiative could provide major financial relief for nearly 3.5 million Californians who have been diagnosed with diabetes, a majority of whom have Type II diabetes – where the body cannot use insulin correctly. Type 1 is when the body produces little to no insulin.

Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes can impact energy levels and organ functions. Insulin shots – or, in some cases, diabetes pills – help with major body functions. The National Diabetes Statistics Report found that 38.4 million people have diabetes – almost 12% of the country’s population.

Read on to learn more about changes to the price of insulin in California, how prescriptions will work and where to find more resources.

What is the predicted price of CalRx Insulin?

Difficulty accessing affordable insulin — specifically buying it — in America is a well-documented and widespread issue due to a market dominated by three major companies.

Insulin is seven to 10 times more expensive in the United States compared to other countries, despite being affordable to produce, according to a 2023 article by the Yale School of Medicine. In fact, it explains that “the same vial of insulin that cost $21 in the U.S. in 1996 now costs upward of $250.”

What should I do if I am paying more than $55?

According to the HCAI spokesperson, “CalRx and Civica cannot mandate the final price to the consumer as this would conflict with antitrust and competition law.”

But the spokesperson stated in the email that Civica is planning to include a QR code on the side of the boxes, so consumers can report if they have paid more than $55 for the product.

“At which point Civica would contact the pharmacy for remediation,” the spokesperson said.

Where can I get CalRx insulin? Do I need a prescription?

You do not need to apply to access the new insulin, and there are no eligibility requirements. You do not need insurance.

“Broad wholesale distribution will allow any California pharmacy to order CalRx insulin glargine,” the state explained in the email. Mail-order pharmacy outreach is still ongoing.

People interested in the CalRx insulin can “ask their pharmacist or doctor if they can switch their prescription to CalRx insulin glargine,” continued the HCAI spokesperson. Since the CalRx insulin is interchangeable with other brand names, you would not need a new doctor’s prescription.

“Health plans will be responsible for communicating about CalRx insulin glargine with their provider and patient networks,” said HCAI.

Can people in other states access it?

According to the HCAI spokesperson, “Yes, Civica Rx’s glargine insulin will be available in other states under Civica Rx’s label.”

Where can I learn more information?

• CalRx website
• CalRx fact sheet
• American Diabetes Association’s Center for Information
• Insulin Basics for Diabetes
• Civica Insulin
• T1International

KQED’s April Dembosky contributed to this report.