The Brief

Don't be duped by a scam made with artificial intelligence tools this holiday season. The FBI issued a public service announcement earlier this month, warning criminals are exploiting AI to run bigger frauds in more believable ways.

While AI tools can be helpful in our personal and professional lives, they can also be used against us, said Shaila Rana, a professor at Purdue Global who teaches cybersecurity. "[AI tools are] becoming cheaper [and] easier to use. It's lowering the barrier of entry for attackers so scammers can create really highly convincing scams."

There are some best practices for protecting yourself against scams in general, but with the rise of generative AI, here are five specific tips to consider.

Beware of sophisticated phishing attacks

The most common AI-enabled scams are phishing attacks, according to Eman El-Sheikh, associate vice president of the Center for Cybersecurity at the University of West Florida. Phishing is when bad actors attempt to obtain sensitive information to commit crimes or fraud. "[Scammers are using] generative AI to create content that looks or seems authentic but in fact is not," said El-Sheikh.

"Before we would tell people, 'look for grammatical errors, look for misspellings, look for something that just doesn't sound right.' But now with the use of AI … it can be extremely convincing," Rana told NPR.

However, you should still check for subtle tells that an email or text message could be fraudulent. Check for misspellings in the domain name of email addresses and look for variations in the logo of the company. "It's very important to pay attention to those details," said El-Sheikh.

Create a code word with your loved ones

AI-cloned voice scams are on the rise, Rana told NPR. "Scammers just need a few seconds of your voice from social media to create a clone," she said. Combined with personal details found online, scammers can convince targets that they are their loved ones.

Family emergency scams or "grandparent scams" involve calling a target, creating an extreme sense of urgency by pretending to be a loved one in distress, and asking for money to get them out of a bad situation. One common scheme is telling the target their loved one is in jail and needs bail money.

Rana recommends coming up with a secret code word to use with your family. "So if someone calls claiming to be in trouble or they're unsafe, ask for the code word and then [hang up and] call their real number [back] to verify," she said.

You can also buffer yourself against these types of scams by screening your calls. "If someone's calling you from a number that you don't recognize that is not in your contacts, you can go ahead and automatically send it to voicemail," says Michael Bruemmer, head of the global data breach resolution group at the credit reporting company Experian.

Lock down your social media accounts

"Social media accounts can be copied or screen scraped," warned Bruemmer. To prevent impersonation, reduce your digital footprint. "Set social media accounts to private, remove phone numbers from public profiles. And just be careful and limit what personal information you share publicly," said Sana. Leaving your social media profiles public "makes it easier for scammers to get a better picture of who you are, [and] they can use [that] against you," she said.

Sophisticated scammers will glean information from social media accounts to craft more personalized messages to their intended victims.

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Clement Mahoudeau

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AFP via Getty Images

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Carefully check the web address before inputting any sensitive information

Scammers can use AI to make fake websites that seem legitimate. The FBI notes AI can be used to generate content for fraudulent websites for cryptocurrency scams and other types of investment schemes. Scammers have also been reported to embed AI-powered chatbots in these websites, in an effort to prompt people to click on malicious links.

"You should always check your browser window … and make sure that [you're on] an encrypted site. It [will start] with https://," said Bruemmer. He also said to make sure the website domain is spelled correctly, "[fraudulent websites] can have a URL that is just one letter or character off."

If you're still on the fence about whether the website you're using is legit, you can try looking up the age of a site by searching WhoIs domain lookup databases. Rana said to be extremely wary of websites that were only recently created. Amazon, for example, was founded in 1994. If the WhoIs database says the "Amazon" site you're looking up was created this millennium, you know you're in the wrong place.

Be wary of photos and videos prompting you to send money

The FBI warns generative AI tools have been used to create images of natural disasters and global conflict in an attempt to secure donations for fraudulent charities. They have also been used to create deepfake images or videos of famous people promoting investment schemes and non-existent or counterfeit products.

When you come across a photo or video prompting you to spend money, use caution before engaging. Look for common telltale signs that a piece of media could be a deepfake. As Shannon Bond reported for NPR in 2023, when it comes to creating photos, AI generators "can struggle with creating realistic hands, teeth and accessories like glasses and jewelry." AI-generated videos often have tells of their own, "like slight mismatches between sound and motion and distorted mouths. They often lack facial expressions or subtle body movements that real people make," Bond wrote.

"It's very important for all of us to be responsible in a digital AI-enabled world and do that on a daily basis … especially now around the holidays when there's an uptick in such crimes and scams," said El-Sheikh.

A winter of potentially devastating weather driven by what scientists predict to be a massive El Niño event could strain many of California’s TK-12 public schools, experts say, likely damaging aging structures and forcing school closures.

The southern and central parts of the state are expected to be hit hard along with coastal areas, as they were in 2023 when mid-March storms forced the closure of at least 178 schools. Only this time, weather scientists predict El Niño could stress levees to the max, and even bring potential for tornadoes, along with torrential rains, mudslides, storm-driven tides and heavy winds.

While district superintendents in especially vulnerable areas are already planning ahead, some schools may be ill-equipped to handle punishing weather. At least 59 California school districts are seeking voter approval for bonds in the November election, and have identified the need to repair or replace “leaky,” “dilapidated” and “decaying” roofs, an EdSource examination of local ballot language shows.

Gov. Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency on Sept. 21, ordering pumps and sandbags to be stockpiled near vulnerable areas, among other precautions. Federal flood data show roughly 20% of the state’s schools are located within flood plains. In 2023, heavy storms flooded schools in Alameda and Merced counties as well as one near Watsonville, where a levee ruptured.

“Climate-driven El Niño conditions could mean months of dangerous weather, heavy rain, strong winds, deep mountain snow and flooding,” Caroline Thomas Jacobs, director of the California Office of Emergency Services, said at a news conference, adding that the public shouldn’t underestimate “the power of water.”

Preparing for a severe El Niño

As predictions of severe weather spread, there isn’t a school superintendent in an area that the El Niño is predicted to impact “that hasn’t been thinking about this for weeks already,” said Scott Borba, executive director of the California Small School Districts Association. Many small districts have aging buildings — some as many as 75 years old, Borba said.

“You’ve got leaks and dry rot and all the things that a super wet winter is going to just exacerbate,” he said.

While district leaders work with other local agencies during weather emergencies, they are largely on their own when making major decisions, such as whether to cancel school, Borba said.

“Sometimes you have some county office of emergency services’ support. But when it comes to making that decision, that decision lies with the superintendent alone,” he said.

One small school district leader who may soon be making such decisions is Raven Coit, the superintendent and principal of the 61-student TK-8 Peninsula Union School District on the south end of the Northern Humboldt Peninsula in Humboldt County. It’s perhaps the most isolated coastal school in California, roughly 600 yards from the ocean. Dunes often serve as a play area for students.

Coit took steps this year to try to limit storm damage. She had trees cut back and used money saved by deferring other projects to complete much-needed roof repairs. “There was a big storm that caused leaking. I’m proud to say that it won’t rain inside this year,” she said.

But the likelihood of impacts from El Niño remains. The school’s “in a vulnerable spot,” she said. Flooding could cut off access to the only road leading to the school. There’s a backup generator that she’s “trying to figure out if I can make it work.”

While nearly all the school’s students live nearby, many teachers do not, and may not be able to get to work. Local high school students are bussed to Arcata on the mainland — if buses can get through.

She said the school could also turn to remote learning in a crisis.

How El Niño may impact schools in coastal areas

One of the things that makes El Niños so dangerous in coastal areas like Coit’s is that they are known in California for also causing rising tides known as Kelvin waves.

They are slow moving, and can raise sea levels for weeks. Some could reach shore as early as October. At the same time, an astronomical phenomenon known as super king tides is expected from November to January, Danial Swain, a climate scientist with the University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, said in an online presentation.

“That would probably bring record-breaking coastal flooding this year.”

A worst-case scenario “would be an El Niño Kelvin, plus a peak king tide, plus a significant storm,” he said.

A Southern California school leader of one of those districts said it’s bracing for storms.

Don Austin, superintendent of Laguna Beach Unified School District in Orange County, said that living on the coast, “I have seen our beaches get washed away with recent storms and homes destroyed.”

His schools have “roof leaks and other issues that will be heavily impacted by an El Niño,” he said.

The most impactful weather-driven damage to a California school in recent years was in March 2023 when a broken river levee caused the Pajaro Middle school near Watsonville to flood, along with the heavily Mexican immigrant and farmworker community it serves.

The school reopened in 2024. A complete replacement of the entire levee by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers could take a decade, officials said.

Mark Strudley, executive director of the Pajaro Regional Flood Management Agency, said the agency is spending roughly $1 million to strengthen the levee, and that the breach that led to the school flooding has been permanently repaired. El Niño, he said, is the obvious concern, and the work is aimed at protecting the town of Pajaro and the middle school.

Leaders of the Pajaro Valley Unified School District remain concerned about El Niño, but haven’t identified a temporary site to move students to if the school floods again, according to Peggy Pughe, the district’s executive director of teaching and learning.

Asked what the district officials are doing based on their experience with the 2023 floods and the threat of El Niño, Pughe said they are “canvassing local neighborhoods, encouraging families and residents to sign up for emergency alert services.”

Data journalist Daniel J. Willis and staff writer Emma Gallegos contributed to this story.

In August, the Trump administration announced a significant overhaul of the Head Start program, leaving early childhood providers in Los Angeles concerned about their ability to serve low-income children.

The proposed rules strip Head Start of many of its regulations and impose new requirements, like teaching in English only.

The public comment period ends Oct. 6 — after which the administration could finalize the new rule. It’s unclear when that will happen, and experts say it could be caught up in litigation.

Why does the administration want to change the rules?

Federal officials said the deregulation would provide for more local flexibility.

An administration statement said the moves reduce both regulatory burden and administrative costs, allowing for more available slots — as many as 236,000 Head Start slots nationwide — and save $2.2 billion.

“We are removing unnecessary bureaucracy, strengthening nutrition and physical health, trusting parents and local communities, and opening Head Start to hundreds of thousands more children,” said Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the secretary of health and human services. “That’s how we renew the promise of Head Start for the next generation.”

Earlier in the administration, the White House proposed to cut Head Start entirely from the budget but reversed course.

The case against the proposed rules

Head Start providers worry the new rules, if implemented, could be the start of whittling down a program that provides early education and other wraparound services for about 70,000 children across the state.

“It's a holistic program really designed to lift kids out of poverty and to set them up for future success, so what's at risk when the standards are changed are a lot of those elements and guidelines that support the program quality,” said Melanee Cottrill, executive director of Head Start California.

For example, Head Start provides support services beyond education, like developmental screenings and dental care, which would no longer be required under the Trump administration’s plan. The new rules would also require documentation beyond self-attestation for families experiencing homelessness.

“Putting a lot of documentation requirements in place would be very onerous for people who are in really difficult circumstances,” said Donna Sneeringer, president of the Child Care Resource Center, which serves about 2,000 kids in its Head Start programs in northern L.A. County. The program opened up a Head Start center at a family homeless shelter last year.

The administration’s proposal also sets a 5% cap on administrative costs, down from the current 15%, which Sneeringer said will be hard for nonprofits to implement.

“I think many Head Start operators are really going to struggle to even keep their programs open,” she said.

Many California college students struggle to find affordable housing. Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a package of four bills on Wednesday meant to speed up the process of building student housing and reduce the cost for developers.

Newsom also signed a law earlier this month giving former foster youth and unhoused students priority for student housing. The law also allows those students to defer their student housing payment until they receive their financial aid.

“It’s really about a package of laws to try and handle the demand that exists for students,” said Assemblymember David Alvarez, a Democrat from Chula Vista and author of one of the laws, Assembly Bill 1732, the marquee bill of the package that exempts student housing projects from the California Environmental Quality Act.

Additionally, the laws include incentives for developers to build affordable housing. They also reduce obstacles to student housing projects by exempting them from local ordinances and blocking frivolous lawsuits.

Shaun Chilton, president of the Associated Students of Cuesta College in San Luis Obispo, said he’s heard from students who say it’s difficult to find housing, and they sometimes cram themselves together four to a room.

With the limited housing, San Luis Obispo can be an expensive place to live. A five bedroom, 2,400-square-foot house near Cuesta College costs $12,000 a month to rent, according to rent.com, which also lists one-bedroom studios for $1,900 to $2,600 a month.

“We see a lot of uncomfortable housing situations at ridiculously high price points,” Chilton said.

All five laws were sponsored by the Student Housing Coalition. Four of them help developers overcome barriers to building more affordable student housing units. The coalition started in 2022 by what outgoing coalition chair Kate Rodgers described as a group of student “housing nerds” who saw a need for a pro-housing movement.

Student housing is “kinda seen as small potatoes” compared to larger statewide development problems, according to Rodgers, who is now the legislative director of California YIMBY in Sacramento.

“Our counterpoint as an organization to that is, the University of California and the California State University are far and away the largest public institutions that house people,” Rodgers said.

Laws from 2025 are moving housing projects along

Both on- and off-campus student housing projects have faced multiple delays in the past due to zoning restrictions and lawsuits. Rodgers identified several projects where new laws have helped developments avoid similar issues.

According to Rodgers, a UC Santa Barbara development that is underway did not have to meet California Coastal Commission minimum parking requirements due to a law signed in 2025 compelling the commission to defer to state or private colleges and universities when determining parking needs for residents of their housing projects.

Construction began in June and the university plans to move students in by fall 2028.

In another example, Santa Monica College and the Student Homes Coalition co-sponsored a successful bill in 2025 exempting California community colleges from local zoning requirements for student housing projects on land owned or leased by the college.

Now the college is moving forward with a project to house 750 students. It will be developed through a public-private partnership between Santa Monica Community College District and Michael’s Student Living.

Additionally, the San Bernardino Community College District utilized the same new law when it filed for exemption from local zoning laws for its Legacy Village housing development. The project includes 452 student beds, 180 workforce housing units, and retail space.

Rodgers said Student Homes Coalition’s core strategy is to work with developers every step of the way when putting together bills to address developer-side construction costs and delays. “We do not want to be spending our time on something that is not going to produce units,” she said.

Student housing now exempt from CEQA review

As part of the latest round of new laws, the Student and Faculty Housing Opportunity Act adds public colleges and universities to a law passed last year allowing CEQA exemptions for affordable housing developments. However, because public university properties are under the jurisdiction of the state, they didn’t qualify for the exemption under that law.

CEQA requires local and state agencies to provide a report assessing the potential impacts of a large project on the environment and take steps to lessen those impacts. Developers can be sued over allegedly inadequate findings or mitigation measures in these reports, which can slow down or halt projects entirely. The exemption aims to streamline affordable housing projects.

Alvarez told CalMatters that this bill in particular is intended to apply to on-campus housing projects at universities with adequate capacity.

“But some universities don’t have on-campus capacity, so they will be allowed to utilize this tool to streamline the construction of [housing] off campus,” he said.

Numerous organizations and individuals supported the bill, including California YIMBY, Student Homes Coalition and the University of California Student Association.

Kai Wang, a first-year political science major at UC Davis, spoke in support of the bill before members of the Assembly Committee on Housing and Community Development on April 13.

“Higher education should be opening doors, not leaving students searching for one,” Wang said.

Even with the CEQA exemption, developments remain open to litigation that can slow or stop them. Democratic state Sen. Angelique Ashby of Sacramento wrote Senate Bill 916, which will help prevent bad-faith lawsuits against student housing developments.

Current law allows courts to require a plaintiff to put up bond money for lawsuits against low- or moderate-income housing projects when a court finds the lawsuit frivolous or meant solely to slow or stop a project. The new law extends this same protection for student housing projects.

One new law, Assembly Bill 2118, streamlines the approval process for building mixed-income housing along commercial corridors. Another new law, Assembly Bill 2480, adds incentives for developers when they set aside part of their projects for affordable housing.

Currently, off-campus housing developments that set aside 20% of their units for low-income students qualify for these incentives, which include the ability to add more units and reduce parking. The new law gives even more incentives for dedicating at least 24% of the units for low-income students.

Foster youth, unhoused students get priority housing 

Some of California’s most vulnerable college students, those who are unhoused or in the foster system, now have priority for on-campus student housing. Newsom signed Assembly Bill 2766 on Sept. 14, adding the state’s community colleges to the list of campuses required to give priority housing to those students.

The bill also requires community colleges and California State University campuses to identify eligible students via housing applications, advertise housing benefits on their websites, and defer fees and housing deposits until students receive their full financial aid.

They must also prioritize eligible students for the NextUp foster youth support program, which provides them support and can include housing.

The University of California campuses are requested to do the same, but cannot be required due to their being constitutionally independent.

Diana Karageozian, lead clinical case manager at Fresno State’s Center for Essential Needs, said she’s looking forward to this law.

“I think people kind of forget about college students and how hard it is,” Karageozian said.

More funding for affordable student housing will be on the California ballot this November. Proposition 1 would allow the state to borrow $11.25 billion in bonds to fund housing projects across California. Some of that would go to efforts like student housing, tribal housing and farmworker housing.

Aaron Friesen and Anahid Valencia are contributors with the College Journalism Network, a collaboration between CalMatters and student journalists from across California. CalMatters higher education coverage is supported by a grant from the College Futures Foundation.

This article was originally published on CalMatters and was republished under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives license.

Lyft must pay $272.5 million in a historic settlement with the state of California and three cities over allegations that the company misclassified its drivers before it helped write a law that allowed it to consider them independent contractors.

Thousands of drivers who drove for the ride-hailing company from 2016 to 2020 are entitled to employee benefits such as minimum wage, overtime and reimbursement for work-related expenses, California Attorney General Rob Bonta said Thursday at a press conference in San Francisco. The drivers will split at least $237 million, which is the largest misclassification settlement in state history, he said.

“Make no mistake, misclassification is how companies cheat workers,” the attorney general said, standing with the city attorneys and staff of San Francisco, San Diego and Los Angeles, who worked on the case for six years. Their lawsuits were consolidated in San Francisco Superior Court with those of the state Labor Commissioner’s Office and two individual drivers. “That’s not a business model, that’s exploitation,” Bonta said.

The state and cities also sued Uber over misclassification and wage theft. Both companies have been fighting the lawsuits for years and asked the state and U.S. supreme courts for review. Both high courts refused to review the cases.

“Lyft is only part of the picture,” said San Diego City Attorney Heather Ferbert at the press conference. “Uber has a larger share of the rideshare market, and that means more drivers, more miles driven and more affected workers. So our job is not done.”

Ferbert told CalMatters afterward that “if Uber doesn’t want to come to the table and talk about a meaningful settlement,” the case against the company could go to trial.

In 2020, Lyft, Uber and other gig-economy companies headquartered in California spent $205 million on Proposition 22, a ballot initiative that 58% of the state’s voters approved. It exempted the companies from state labor law and allowed them to treat drivers and delivery workers as independent contractors instead of employees.

“This settlement closes a chapter from a very different time, before Prop. 22,” said George Flynn, a Lyft spokesperson.

But drivers and other gig workers have complained about many of the same issues since Prop. 22 was passed. CalMatters found that effectively, nobody is in charge of upholding the promises gig companies made under the law, such as guaranteed wages, some healthcare benefits and a way to fight against “deactivations,” or being kicked off the apps.

This year, Uber drivers sued the company, accusing it of failing to create a system that allows them to appeal deactivations. Also this year, ride-hailing drivers formed a union after winning the right to collectively bargain last year.

Rideshare Drivers United, a Los Angeles-based group whose members filed the initial 5,000 claims with the state on behalf of Lyft and Uber drivers, said the settlement falls short of the $434 million in claims it filed on behalf of about 1,900 Lyft drivers.

“Yes, we are getting some of the money back because we fought for it, but why do they not have to pay basic minimum wages and expenses like every other company?” said Nicole Moore, president of the group, in a statement. “Are we OK with letting these companies cheat a system of the most basic labor rights?”

Many drivers have worked for both Uber and Lyft. Yasha Timenovich, who drives and does deliveries in the Los Angeles area, said he expects to be eligible for the Lyft settlement and for compensation from Uber when the time comes.

“Since we waited six years for this lawsuit, what’s another year?” said Timenovich, who now does gig work for Amazon, DoorDash, Grubhub, Roadie, Spark and Lyft. He recently signed up for another gig delivery service, Veho. All of those companies consider him an independent contractor. He said he works six or seven days a week, sometimes up to 18 hours a day.

California Labor Commissioner Lilia García-Brower said in a statement that her office is forgoing its part of the settlement, $5.45 million, “so that every available dollar goes directly to drivers who filed wage claims.” Her office said more than 1,600 Lyft drivers filed the claims; the settlement will apply to any eligible Lyft drivers so the exact number of potential claims is unknown.

A settlement administrator will manage the fund that will be doled out to drivers, who will be eligible for compensation based on the number of miles and hours they drove for Lyft between April 2016 and December 2020. The administrator will contact drivers once the San Francisco Superior Court approves the settlement and Lyft begins making payments to the fund.

In a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Lyft said it can choose to make settlement payments over four years.

An Uber spokesperson did not return CalMatters’ request to comment on its pending case or the comments the officials made about their ongoing litigation against the company — including Bonta saying that Uber was “a major violator” when it came to misclassification.

This article was originally published on CalMatters and was republished under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives license.