The Brief

For one graying wolf in the wilds of Northern Yellowstone, another year of life is synonymous with another year of pregnancy. It’s a rare feat, and also one that has enabled her survival in the wilderness.

Wolf 907 in Yellowstone National Park is well into her golden years. With one eye left, she’s considered elderly at the old age of 11. But that hasn’t stopped her from giving birth to another litter of pups, her tenth in fact.

She’s had a litter every year of her life since she was two years old. According to Kira Cassidy, a researcher with the Yellowstone Wolf Project, 907 gave birth to three pups this May. One has died; the other two are starting to venture farther away from the den hole as they near two and a half months of age.

“There is no evidence that wolves go through menopause, and so the thought is that they probably reproduce until they die. But because so many of them die when they're so young, there's just not much known about the ones that reach these kind of uber elder years,” said

With these two new pups, there’s currently 10 wolves in the Junction Butte pack — almost double since Wolf 907 took over the pack in 2017. In 2020, there were 35 pack members, making it the third largest in North America, so the number has largely decreased.

Unlike most packs, Wolf 907 has traded off the alpha position with some of her female relatives over the years. Usually, a wolf remains alpha until they die.

“We don’t really have a good explanation for that, other than the pack produces a lot of strong females,” Cassidy said.

She's a nepo-pup

Physiologically, a wolf can live to about the same age as a large dog — maybe 10 to 12 years old. However, the dangers of wolf life make it highly unlikely for them to die of old age. The average lifespan is 3 to 4 years old, making 907 a true outlier.

“They're extremely territorial with their neighbors, and so about 50% of the deaths are from those fights between packs, mostly in the winter, and they're kind of competing for resources,” Cassidy said.

Although wolves are protected from humans in Yellowstone, occasionally they are killed by a vehicle, or leave the park boundaries into hunting areas.

Remarkably, Wolf 907 has lived in Northern Yellowstone with the Junction Butte wolf pack her entire life.

“She inherited the leadership position when her aunt died, and so she has never had to disperse in her entire life. I think that probably contributed to her long life and her success because she never had to go through that period of being off by herself, finding a new mate, trying to kind of elbow out a territory in a pretty highly competitive environment like Northern Yellowstone,” Cassidy said.

Wolf 907 (gray wolf in upper center) and her Junction Butte pack.

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Courtesy Yellowstone Wolf Project

)

She's networking her family

Cassidy’s research includes field work like setting up trail cameras as well as analyzing long term data on wolves.

This year, Wolf 907 chose a den that she’s used before to give birth, and researchers watched from a mile away with a spotting scope.

This isn’t the first time Cassidy and her crew have watched her bring new life to the park, and they continue to monitor the pups from her past litters as well.

“It's really interesting to see how 907, because she is so long lived, she now has a number of her offspring or a niece or a nephew that have started packs all around her,” Cassidy said. “Her son is one of the leaders of the pack to the south. Another son is a leader of the pack to the west. She has two daughters that are leading packs that are also nearby, and a niece on the east side. So she's kind of all surrounded by her offspring or close relatives.”

These relationships might encourage tolerance for Wolf 907’s pack if they encounter another pack, which is usually very dangerous, according to Cassidy.

She knows how to delegate

There are about 100 adult wolves in Yellowstone right now, and a quarter of them have radio collars that send location pins to a satellite system for the researchers to monitor. Most of the time, a collar is going to outlast a wolf’s life, Cassidy said.

Wolf 907

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Courtesy Yellowstone Wolf Project

)

Wolf 907 has been captured multiple times to switch out her collar because she keeps outliving the battery life. In the 30 years since wolves have been introduced to Yellowstone, only six wolves, including 907, have reached their eleventh year. Of those, only two have made it to 12.

“If I'm just going to throw out the odds of her reaching 12 years old, it's maybe like 50-50 at this point,” Cassidy said. “She just keeps surprising me.”

According to Cassidy, the longer a wolf lives, the more knowledge and the more experiences they have, and they're critical to teaching their packmates how to be successful.

“She's not really participating in the big hunting of elk and bison anymore; she lets her younger pack mates do that. So, her chances of getting kicked and killed in a hunt are fairly low. She's kind of mitigating a lot of those really dangerous things that kill wolves, even at very young ages,” said Cassidy. “She has probably figured out how best to live in the place that she's living.”

As Los Angeles homeowners grapple with the expense of rebuilding after last year’s devastating fires, an L.A. City Councilmember is putting forward an idea that could lower some costs.

Councilmember Traci Park, who represents the Pacific Palisades, has introduced a motion to explore waiving part of the city’s portion of the local sales tax for fire victims who purchase rebuilding materials in the city.

The 1% of the local 9.75% sales tax that goes into the city’s general fund would be given back to consumers under the proposal. The waiver could apply to lumber, appliances and other rebuilding goods purchased within the city.

The motion, introduced Friday by Park and seconded by Councilmember John Lee, says: “The City should do everything within its power to alleviate the financial burden for these residents and businesses in order to facilitate their return and stabilize the Pacific Palisades community.”

Would it make much of a difference? 

Economists told LAist the proposal could help many homeowners mitigate the high cost of rebuilding, but likely wouldn’t tip the scales for under-insured, under-resourced property owners.

“It wouldn't hurt if it's very well designed and easy to use,” said Alexander Meeks, a director at the Santa Monica-based Milken Institute. “But I'm not sure if it's really going to tackle the scale of the financial challenge that survivors are facing.”

Meeks noted that the tax waiver wouldn’t lower up-front costs such as environmental testing, architectural design and permitting. And it may not help homeowners sourcing raw materials from outside the city.

Zhiyun Li, a UCLA Anderson School of Management economist, said the waiver could help some homeowners justify the additional cost of rebuilding more fire-safe structures.

“Homeowners must typically pay out of pocket to upgrade to IBHS+ standards, which are more stringent,” Li said. “The tax waiver could encourage upgrading to IBHS+ standards or investing more in mitigation, thereby reducing future risk and improving the likelihood of maintaining insurance coverage.”

What’s next for the proposal? 

The proposed tax relief would not be available to properties that have been sold since the fires started in January 2025.

The motion has been sent to the City Council’s budget and fire recovery committees. If approved by the full council, it would require the city administrative officer, the Office of Finance and the city attorney to report back to the council within 60 days on options for crafting a tax relief plan.

The motion calls for the report to consider factors such as how to minimize the burden of administering the tax relief, what documentation homeowners would have to submit and what it would cost the city to oversee the program.

Senate and House Republican leadership have resurrected a stalled plan to fund the Department of Homeland Security after a record 47-day funding lapse.

House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., and Senate Majority Leader John Thune, R-S.D., said in a joint statement on Wednesday that the House will take up a measure passed by the Senate last week to fund most of DHS except Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Border Patrol through the end of September.

Republicans would then attempt to fund ICE and Border Patrol for three years using a party-line budget reconciliation bill that would not require support from Democrats.

"In following this two-track approach, the Republican Congress will fully reopen the Department, make sure all federal workers are paid, and specifically fund immigration enforcement and border security for the next three years so that those law-enforcement activities can continue uninhibited," Thune and Johnson wrote.

The agreement comes nearly a week after House Republicans dismissed an identical plan, refusing to take up the Senate-passed measure and instead passing a 60-day short term funding bill for all of DHS that had little chance of overcoming Democratic opposition in the Senate.

Johnson called the agreement a "joke" and President Donald Trump declined to publicly endorse the deal. Trump had previously resisted any package that did not include his push to overhaul federal elections known as the Save America Act.

"I think any deal they make, I'm pretty much not happy with it," Trump told reporters last week.

Democrats welcomed the agreement as in line with their pledge not to give ICE any more money without reforms after immigration enforcement agents killed two U.S. citizens in Minneapolis. But the deal does not include any of the policy demands Democrats are pressing for, such as a ban on masks for immigration enforcement officers and requiring warrants issued by a judge, not just the agency, to enter homes.

"For days, Republican divisions derailed a bipartisan agreement, making American families pay the price for their dysfunction," Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., wrote in a statement Wednesday. "Throughout this fight, Senate Democrats never wavered."

Trump seemed to bless the revived plan earlier Wednesday, writing on social media that he wants a party-line bill to fund immigration enforcement on his desk by June 1.

"We are going to work as fast, and as focused, as possible to replenish funding for our Border and ICE Agents, and the Radical Left Democrats won't be able to stop us," Trump wrote.

Despite the shutdown, ICE has been minimally impacted because Republican lawmakers approved $75 billion for ICE through another party-line budget reconciliation bill last year.

Congress is on a two-week recess, but the Senate and House could move to fund all of DHS except ICE and CBP as early as Thursday using a procedure known as unanimous consent that allows the chambers to circumvent formal voting as long as no member objects.

Even during a recess when most members are not in Washington, this could be unpredictable, especially in the House, where many hard-line conservatives oppose a deal that does not fully fund DHS.

"Let's make this simple: caving to Democrats and not paying CBP and ICE is agreeing to defund Law Enforcement and leaving our borders wide open again," Rep. Scott Perry, R-Pa., a member of the ultra-conservative House Freedom Caucus, wrote on X. "If that's the vote, I'm a NO."

If a member does object, that could require waiting for another vote when all members are back from recess.

Claudia Grisales contributed reporting.
Copyright 2026 NPR

California clocked its second-worst snowpack on record Wednesday, a potentially troubling signal ahead for fire season.

It’s an alarming end to a winter that saw abnormally dry conditions briefly wiped from California’s drought map in January, for the first time in a quarter-century.

Though precipitation to date has been near average, much of it fell as rain rather than snow. Then March’s record-breaking heat melted most of the snow that remains. The state’s major reservoirs are nevertheless brimming above historic averages and are flirting with capacity, and a smattering of snow, rain and thunderstorms are dousing last month’s heat wave.

But experts now warn that California’s case of the missing snowpack could herald an early fire season in the mountains.

On Wednesday, state engineers conducting the symbolic April 1 snowpack measurement at Phillips Station south of Lake Tahoe found no measurable snow in patches of white dotting the grassy field.

“I want to welcome you call to probably one of the quickest snow surveys we’ve had — maybe one where people could actually use an umbrella,” joked Karla Nemeth, director of the California Department of Water Resources. “We’re getting a lot of questions about are we heading into a hydrologic drought? The answer is, I don’t know.”

State data reports that California’s snowpack is closing out the season at an alarming 18% of average statewide, and an even more abysmal 6% of average in the northern mountains that feed California’s major reservoirs.

Only the extreme drought year of 2015 beat this year’s snowpack for the worst on record, measuring in at just 5% of average on April 1st, when the snow historically is at its deepest.

“I think everyone's anticipating that it will be a long, busy fire season,” said Lenya Quinn-Davidson, director of the UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Fire Network.

“Without a snowpack, and with an early spring, it just means that there’s much more time for something like that to happen.”

‘It’s pretty bizarre up here’ 

In the city of South Lake Tahoe, which survived the massive Caldor Fire in the fall of 2021 without losing any structures, fire chief Jim Drennan said his department is already ramping up prevention efforts.

“It's pretty bizarre up here right now. It really seems like June conditions more than March,” Drennan said. “People are already turning the sprinklers on for their lawns.”

Without more precipitation, an early spring may complicate prescribed burning efforts. But Drennan said fire agencies in the Tahoe basin can start mechanically clearing fuels from forest areas earlier than usual.

“That means we can get more work done,” he said.

It also means homeowners need to start hardening their homes now, said Martin Goldberg, battalion chief and fuels management officer for the Lake Valley Fire Protection District, which protects unincorporated communities in the Lake Tahoe Basin’s south shore.

Goldberg urges residents to scour their yards for burnable materials, create defensible space and reach out to local fire departments with questions. The risks are widespread — from firewood, wooden fences, gas cans, plants, pine needles — even lawn furniture stacked against a house.

“In years past, I wouldn't even think of raking and clearing until May,” Goldberg said. “But my yard's completely cleared of snowpack, and it has been for a couple weeks now.”

‘A haystack fire’

Battalion chief David Acuña, a spokesperson for Cal Fire, said fire season is shaped by more than just one year’s snowpack.

Climate change has been remaking California’s fire seasons into fire years. And California’s recent average to abundant water years have fueled what Acuña called “bumper crops of vegetation and brush.”

“Most of California is like a haystack. And if you’ve ever seen a haystack fire, they burn very intensely because there's layers of fuel,” Acuña said.

Like Quinn-Davidson, Acuña wasn’t ready to make specific predictions about fires to come.

But John Abatzoglou, a professor of climatology at UC Merced, said the temperatures and snowpack conditions this year offer a glimpse of California in the latter decades of this century, as fossil fuel use continues to drive global temperatures higher.

How this year’s fires will play out will depend on when, where and how wind, heat, fuel and ignitions combine. But it foreshadows the consequences of a warmer California for water and fire under climate change.

“This,” Abatzoglou said, “is yet another stress test for the future in the state.”

This article was originally published on CalMatters and was republished under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives license.