People view the Los Angeles River swollen by storm runoff as a powerful long-duration atmospheric river storm, the second in less than a week, continues to impact Southern California on Feb. 5, 2024 in Los Angeles.
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Mario Tama
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Getty Images
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Topline:
Stormwater in L.A. and Orange Counties is captured via spreading grounds, or large open areas of gravel and sand that allow pools of water to form and percolate deep into underground reservoirs. Since we’ve largely run out of room for spreading grounds, other solutions are being explored.
Slow it down: Before we paved over our cities, water used to percolate through soil across the region. Water agencies use dams to capture and slowly release water over time to utilize spreading grounds even during hot months.
Use our yards: The majority of L.A. is private property, meaning there's a big opportunity for owners to implement water features like swales, which can capture water and allow it to sink into the soil, rather than run out into the street.
Park projects: LADWP is looking to install subterranean stormwater capture areas to more than a dozen parks, in an effort to utilize open space already owned by the city.
Captured so far: On average, L.A. County captures 200,000 acre-feet of water per year. So far, it’s captured a little more than 100,000. Last year, it captured 600,000 after a heavy and long rainy season.
From January to February, Southern California went from quite dry to overwhelmingly wet, as a series of storms dropped more than a year’s worth of water in just a few weeks, loading up the L.A. River.
Given that our dry months are coming up, just how much of that stormwater were we able to hold on to? And could we be doing better?
A man walks his dog on the edge of the Los Angeles River, carrying stormwater downstream in February 2024.
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Damian Dovarganes
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AP
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How we capture water
The main way that we capture stormwater is by letting it soak into the Earth and travel through the soil into underground reservoirs.
Back in the day, this would happen all across places like the L.A. Basin, but as we paved over much of the area, we lost much of our ability to sequester rainfall.
That’s where spreading grounds, like those in the San Fernando Valley (seen below), come in.
They're huge open areas of gravel and sand where we divert stormwater without destroying nearby neighborhoods. That water then sits in giant pools and percolates downward over time.
Given that roughly a third of L.A. County’s water comes from underground reservoirs each year, it’s important that we keep on filling them.
“We have two missions. One is to protect communities and to capture as much of that water and keep it from being wasted in the ocean,” said Sterling Klippel, assistant deputy director of L.A. County’s Department of Public Works.
There are 27 spreading grounds throughout the county and 14 major dams that can hold water back and slowly release it during dry periods onto those same grounds when our flood channels aren’t being inundated.
When the water is released, it’s often diverted with the help of giant inflatable dams.
Inflatable dams are used to divert water to spreading grounds.
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Orange County Water District
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How fast the water percolates depends on both the media it’s flowing through and how much sediment is in the water. Brown-looking stormwater has a lot of silt in it, which can slow down absorption rates. Crews go in with heavy equipment during the spring and summer to scrape the spreading grounds clean ahead of the next rainy season.
This year L.A. County has sequestered roughly 100,000 acre-feet of stormwater, about half of what they typically capture during an average year. Last year they captured more than 600,000 acre-feet, or roughly enough water for half of the population of the county. For reference, one acre foot is about the equivalent of a football field flooded with about a foot of water.
L.A. County is able to capture more than 90% of the water that falls in the San Gabriel watershed above the spreading grounds.
A partially inflated dam that's holding back some water, while allowing other water to run over.
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Orange County Water District
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The Orange County Water District utilizes a similar system. Drive down the 91 Freeway and you’ll see what looks like a bunch of lakes. They’re actually part of their portfolio of 26 recharge facilities that’ve been built across 1,500 acres over the past 70 years.
They’re able to capture about 220 million gallons of water a day, according to John Kennedy, general manager of the water district.
Can we do more?
Building additional spreading grounds is tough, as we're quite limited on space here.
“The L.A. Basin is very dense and property values are sky high. So unfortunately, doing the spreading grounds and dams around the city is going to be nearly impossible just because of the high price tag,” said Art Castro, manager of the Watershed Management Group at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
Some spreading grounds, like those in Pacoima, are being dug out — but there’s a limit to how deep you can go.
LADWP is considering other options as it works towards the goal of capturing 150,000 acre-feet per year by 2035. They currently capture roughly 83,700 acre-feet.
Vertical storm drains are one consideration. They are 150-foot-deep holes lined with permeable pipe that are allowed to fill with water and drain into the surrounding soil.
LADWP is also looking at utilizing subterranean stormwater capture at an estimated 20 parks throughout the city. That project is currently in the design phase.
What about at the home level?
Yes, you can help fill our underground aquifers from your front yard.
A key feature of the lawn elimination programs here in California is making sure that you put in some sort of water retention feature, like a swale. It's basically a trough that slows down water and lets it soak into the ground, rather than running into the street.
We might no longer have tens of thousands of acres of unpaved farmland throughout the region, but given that 70% of land use is private property here in L.A., widespread use of swales in our yards could make a difference.
