The Brief

Newly released data from the city show that Los Angeles police officers use minor traffic stops as a way to investigate Black and Latino people on suspicion of committing a more serious crime at a higher rate than their share of the citywide population.

The LAPD adopted a policy about so-called pretextual stops and began tracking the practice in 2022.

In a report released at the end of January, the city’s chief legislative analyst found that Black people were involved in nearly 31% of pretextual stops conducted by LAPD officers between spring 2022 and fall 2025. According to 2023 Census estimates, Black people make up 8% of the city’s population.

According to the report, "Hispanic/Latino" people, who make up just less than half the city’s population, were the subjects of 56% of pretextual stops.

That analysis, along with a separate report by LAPD, found that of the more than 760,000 people involved in traffic stops between spring of 2022 and fall of 2025, 9% to 10% of them were stopped pretextually.

Chauncee Smith, an associate director of the racial justice-focused nonprofit Catalyst California, said LAPD’s data is “under inclusive” since it relies on officers subjectively deciding when a stop is pretextual.

He said an analysis of data from Catalyst California, published in February, demonstrates that pretextual stops don’t result in evidence discovery enough to make up for the negative impacts of the practice.

“It's affecting the lives of many Black and Latinx Angelenos on an everyday basis,” Smith said, adding that pretextual stops often result in harassment, dehumanization and excessive ticketing or fining of communities of color.

Pretextual stops 

Police sometimes use violations of the vehicle code to stop drivers and investigate them for a more serious crime unrelated to the traffic stop, such as possessing drugs or firearms, according to Deepak Premkumar, a research fellow for the Public Policy Institute of California.

 ”Law enforcement officers see tons of violations, and we give them a lot of discretion to determine who they should stop and when,” Premkumar told LAist.

A plausible example of what a pretextual stop could look like is if police see a car matching the description of one that was involved in a crime in the area, then pull that car over for a broken taillight, Premkumar said.

The policy the LAPD adopted in 2022 outlines that officers:

• Can only conduct pretextual stops as long as they are “acting upon articulable information” that the person is close to a serious crime that’s worth investigating. 
• Should minimize stops for minor equipment violations, such as broken taillights, unless the violation “interferes with public safety.”
• State the reason for the stop, whether pretextual or not, while their body-worn cameras are filming.

Despite the adoption of the policy, Catalyst California’s analysis found that the proportion of all officer-initiated stops that are for minor traffic violations has “remained relatively constant since 2019.”

Racial disparities

The analysis from the city’s chief legislative analyst included a comparison of pretextual stop rates for different ethnic and racial groups in L.A. compared to their share of the citywide population.

The analysis found that "Hispanic/Latino" and Black people were overrepresented in data on pretextual stops compared to their share of the population.

L.A. Police Capt. Shannon White drafted the department’s report of the same data, which did not include an ethnic or racial breakdown of those involved in pretextual stops.

At a Los Angeles Police Commission Meeting in February, when she presented the department’s analysis, White said Census estimates for the city don’t necessarily align with “the actual breakdown of our suspects of crime,” who, theoretically, are the subjects of pretextual stops.

“When you look at the actual breakdown of our suspects of crime…what you will find is that they skew towards communities of color for various societal reasons,” White said.

According to the LAPD’s analysis, people in Central and South L.A. were subjects of pretextual at higher rates than in the Valley and West L.A.

Some commissioners at the meeting questioned that disparity.

“Something just doesn't add up,” Commission President Teresa Sánchez-Gordon said. “Is it racial profiling? Is that bias? Implicit, explicit bias that's in the report?”

Discovery rates

The police’s analysis found that searches during pretextual stops yielded contraband, such as firearms and other weapons or drugs, in about every 3 in 10 cases. “Narco-related” evidence is what’s most commonly found in the searches.

Catalyst California’s report looked more specifically at different kinds of searches and how likely they are to lead to evidence discovery.

The nonprofit found that since 2022, when officers used consent-only searches during stops for minor traffic violations, they discovered evidence 3% to 10% of the time. The rate was similarly low when the person stopped was on parole or probation.

According to Catalyst California’s analysis, the type of search most likely to lead to discovery of evidence is when there’s an existing search or arrest warrant for the person stopped.

“This was likely because they occurred in situations when there was a higher likelihood of a significant violation, beyond mere pretext,” the nonprofit's researchers wrote.

This story first appeared on The LA Local.

For weeks, Lineage Logistics and the Los Angeles Fire Department have said ammonia — the hazardous material that’s key for industrial refrigerators — was quickly cleared from the warehouse fire zone. In the days after the fire, Lineage insisted that no measurable ammonia was detected in the area.

Now, community testing as well as data from Lineage and the Southern California Air Quality Management District show that elevated levels of ammonia were present in neighborhoods near the cold-storage warehouse weeks after the fire. 

Though air regulators and Lineage note the levels didn’t meet the state threshold requiring action to protect public health, community groups say the findings are alarming. Meanwhile, federal regulators are seeking answers from Lineage to determine what air contaminants were released during the fire. Lineage did not respond to questions from Boyle Heights Beat.

An analysis published Aug. 5 by the Community and Environment Research Lab at UC Irvine and East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice found higher levels of ammonia in streets close to Lineage.

That includes Indiana Street near Union Pacific Avenue, where the highest ammonia levels — 4,300 parts per billion — were detected on Aug. 2, more than a month after the fire was extinguished, through handheld Aeroqual monitors that community scientists from East Yard have been using to sample the air. 

An analysis published Aug. 5 by the Community and Environment Research Lab at UC Irvine and East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice found higher levels of ammonia in streets close to Lineage.

(

Courtesy of Jill Johnston

)

Experts agree that’s many times higher than what’s considered typical, though the standard for ammonia levels in L.A.’s air varies. 

UC Irvine and East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice classify 4 to 6 parts per billion as typical ammonia levels, a figure that’s also considered the baseline nationwide. To South Coast AQMD, typical background levels of ammonia in LA range up to 36 parts per billion. 

The analysis by the Community and Environment Research Lab and UC Irvine also shows that higher-than-normal ammonia levels were also detected from a distance.

About a mile from Lineage, ammonia levels have reached 108 parts per billion, according to publicly available data retrieved from a stationary monitor that South Coast AQMD placed late July at Eastman Avenue Elementary School.

To Jill Johnston, associate professor of environmental and occupational health at UC Irvine, the findings not only show “very high” ammonia concentrations closer to the facility, but also how “these chemicals are traveling into the nearby neighborhoods.”

The recent data, Johnston said, suggests that the “big source of ammonia” is coming from the rotting food in Lineage. She also pointed to the ammonia used in the facility’s refrigeration system. 

This analysis is just a snapshot of the potential air contaminants present near Lineage, said Johnston, an exposure scientist and environmental epidemiologist.

“In some ways it confirms what people have been experiencing for the last seven weeks … That they’re breathing poor air quality and subject to foul odors, and that we continue to see impacts on local air quality, even seven weeks into this process,” Johnston said. 

A white van with South Coast AQMD branding sits on the playground at Eastman Elementary in East Los Angeles.

(

Steve Saldivar

/

The LA Local

)

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, according to its website, said normal amounts of ammonia in the environment do not cause health effects in humans. However, the agency noted that exposure to high levels of ammonia “may hurt your skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. Lung damage and death may occur after exposure to very high levels of ammonia.”

In a statement, South Coast AQMD said it has seen “some levels of ammonia” that were elevated above L.A. background levels at the Eastman Elementary monitor and from roaming ammonia measurements. South Coast AQMD declined to comment on the air sensors being used to take ammonia measurements. 

However, the agency noted, California’s short-term health benchmark — the level of ammonia a person could inhale continuously for one hour without adverse health effects — is 4,500 parts per billion. Despite elevated levels recorded near Lineage, “they do not exceed the State’s short-term health standards,” South Coast AQMD said. 

“We understand that the situation is dynamic and conditions are changing, particularly with the heat and the decomposing materials that have potential to offgas. We continue to monitor the situation closely,” the agency added. 

These findings come on the heels of a letter that the Environmental Protection Agency sent to Lineage on Aug. 3, ordering the company to detail the “specific substances,” including “all air contaminants,” that were released during the time of the fire. 

“The EPA is aware of a potential hazardous substance release event at the Lineage Logistics,” according to the letter. The agency did not state which substance and gave Lineage 14 days to provide them with the information.

Lineage, which has conducted air monitoring near the warehouse since June 23, said it has not identified chemical concentrations “above health-based action levels.” After saying on June 19 that it had not detected “measurable” amounts of ammonia, on Aug. 8, the company acknowledged on its website that “short-lasting ammonia detections” were observed at northern and eastern portions of the fire site. Lineage detected a peak of ammonia at 1,000 parts per billion.

Firefighters assess the remains of the Lineage warehouse that burned for a week and sent smoke into nearby communities.

(

Andrew Lopez

/

Boyle Heights Beat

)

Mark Lopez with East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice pushed back against the thresholds that air regulators are relying on to determine what’s safe and unsafe for residents. 

“What we’re dealing with is not short-term exposure. We’re not dealing with one hour, two hours, six hours, eight hours. We’re dealing with a lot of folks who are there 24 hours. It’s inappropriate to use the lowest bar for protecting the community,” Lopez said. “They’re using a standard that’s inappropriate for the actual lived experiences of our community.”

Lopez said air regulators shouldn’t normalize the notion that “there’s always elevated levels of pollution in our communities ... What they’re seeing is not alarming, and we’re like, yeah, because you’re not alarmed by environmental racism, and that’s the problem,” Lopez said.

Los Angeles police defended the use of chemical agents against people protesting the federal immigration crackdown last year, the first time police had used the hazardous munitions since the 1970s. 

Department administrators claimed at Tuesday’s Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners meeting that the chemical agents were needed to control crowds and could be used again during major events in the future, such as the Super Bowl and the 2028 Olympics.

What LAPD said happened

Lt. Joseph Franzen and Commander Mario Mota discussed the use of tear gas, rubber bullets and other projectiles referenced in a 60-page LAPD report on the 2025 protests.

The report analyzed demonstrations, including ones at federal buildings in downtown L.A., between June 6 and June 17, 2025, which the department estimated peaked at about 20,000 participants. 

Franzen, one of the report's authors, said it was intended to be a reflection on the department’s actions for future reference. The report does not detail injuries to members of the public and journalists, and does not include statements from them about what they experienced. 

Commission President Rasha Gerges Shields asked the department to provide more information at a future meeting about injuries to members of the public and the amount and type of force used.

While the department said the chemical agents were needed to disperse crowds, their use has been the subject of ongoing debate. In January, a federal judge ordered the Police Department to stop using certain crowd-control weapons that posed risks to the public.

Shields said that order should have been included in the report.

Franzen and Mota said officers used chemical agents on June 8 and June 14, respectively, in response to large crowds that had grown unruly. They reported that officers had various items thrown at them.

Police Chief Jim McDonnell told the commissioners that most of the crowd exercised its First Amendment rights, but that a small portion of the crowd was “exceptionally violent.” He said he had never experienced that level of violence at a public gathering in his decades of police service.

Questions raised about the report

Several people at the Police Commission meeting contested the department’s account, saying chemical agents were used on journalists and members of the public they said were protesting peacefully or doing their jobs — with little warning.

The League of Women Voters of Greater Los Angeles wrote a letter in advance of the meeting, disagreeing with the characterization of the protests as "riots" in the report and urged better word choice.

“‘Rioting’ connotes serious violence,” wrote Carolina Goodman on behalf of the organization.

During her first meeting as a police commissioner, Heather Aubry asked Mota to clarify that whatever violence did occur was not sanctioned by the organizers of the various protests that took place over the study period.

L.A. resident Kayla Esmond joined a preplanned march that included children, seniors and disabled people hoping to protest federal immigration enforcement. She told the commissioners that people in the large crowd began yelling that police were preparing to use tear gas.

“There was no dispersal order,” Esmond told The LA Local. “Someone yelled that there were children present. They fired the canisters without any response or warning that we could hear.”

Mayor Karen Bass eventually issued a curfew for downtown L.A. on June 10. Franzen and Mota reported that 435 people were arrested during the protests. Of those, 344 were arrested on suspicion of unlawful assembly. It’s unclear how many were charged with a crime. 

The department paid about $17.4 million for personnel during the protests, with about $12.2 million going toward overtime.

The LAPD’s actions during the federal immigration operations last year have been widely cited as a source of confusion for city residents who remain uncertain about what police were responsible for during the operations. 

The American Civil Liberties Union and other advocacy groups previously reported to the commission about a federal raid at a garment warehouse last June where LAPD set a perimeter for federal agents while they detained workers there. During the presentation, the groups advised that police make it clear to the community in the future what they are there to do.

People echoed during public comment that the same confusion persists in the protest report, which describes the immigration raids and the public response to them as a “complex challenge” for local police.

“The Department’s role was limited to providing public safety support when demonstrations escalated into violence or when federal personnel were at risk of being overwhelmed,” it reads.

For months, immigration advocates and other elected leaders called on McDonnell and Bass to provide more clarity on LAPD’s role in federal immigration sweeps. In February, Bass issued an executive directive explicitly limiting LAPD’s role during these operations and calling for greater transparency about the department's interactions with federal agents. 

LA Documenter Martin Romero contributed to this piece from the LAPD Board of Police Commission meeting. LA Documenters trains and pays LA residents to take notes at local government meetings around Los Angeles. You can find meeting notes and audio at losangeles.documenters.org

The death of Jackie, the matriarch of Big Bear’s famous bald eagle nest, has quickly become international news.

People from around the world are mourning Jackie’s loss and remembering her as a fierce protector, a dedicated mother and the bird that inspired thousands to learn more about nature and wildlife.

Tributes are pouring in from individuals and organizations alike, including the San Bernardino County firefighters who kept watch over Jackie as she was waiting for rescue and the L.A. County officials who connected her with care.

TJ Fraser, a resident of Big Bear Valley’s unincorporated community of Fawnskin, described Jackie as a “neighbor” who was a “really important part of this community.”

Fraser said people were deeply pulling for Jackie’s recovery, but as fans come to terms with her death, he’s started to see more hope for the future of the nest and her longtime mate Shadow.

“I think that that's the real great lesson and the takeaway from this,” he said. “Nature adapts, nature always finds balance; that's how it works. And tomorrow is another day.”

State wildlife officials said Jackie’s remains will undergo a necropsy at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance before being transferred to the National Eagle Repository in Colorado.

The repository is a one-of-a-kind facility run by federal wildlife officials. It stores and distributes eagle remains to federally recognized Native American tribes for religious, cultural and ceremonial purposes.

Friends of Big Bear Valley, the nonprofit that launched the popular eagle livestream, said it does not have any input on how Jackie’s remains are handled.

Jackie's death earlier this week quickly became international news.

(

BBC, Associated Press, The Washington Post, Hindustan Times, Modern Ghana, CBC, People, San Bernardino Sun, Los Angeles Times, ABC 6, Friends of Big Bear Valley

/

Makenna Cramer

)

Jackie’s stardom is a big deal

Fraser said his “phone blew up” when Jackie’s death was announced, and the instant reactions of sadness and shock were “overwhelming.”

“It really showed me how much that bird resonated with people around the country and around the world,” he said. “It was truly remarkable.”

But Jackie’s legacy will be intact forever, Fraser said, through the $10 million fundraiser that preserved acres of land near the feathered couple’s nest.

“What she was able to represent brought people to a place of, ‘We want to protect this for them,’” he said. “And that'll never go away.”

Melanie Stagnaro, a resident of L.A.’s Laurel Canyon neighborhood, has been watching Jackie and Shadow for about six years. She said she was stunned by the news of Jackie’s death, but not entirely surprised since Stagnaro thought something may have been wrong with her earlier in the season.

Stagnaro connected with Jackie over motherhood, so she credited her concerns about the eagle's condition to the trials of nesting season.

“I know there's so much more to her, but for me, it was identifying to her as a mom,” Stagnaro said, adding that her kids graduated high school and “left the nest” while Jackie and Shadow’s eaglets were learning to fly and do the same.

Jackie covered under a blanket of snow on Feb. 25, 2023.

(

Friends of Big Bear Valley

/

YouTube

)

Jackie and Shadow's eaglets during a feeding of fish in April 2025.

(

Friends of Big Bear Valley

/

YouTube

)

Jackie and Shadow welcomed a third egg on Feb. 24, 2026, after losing their first two.

(

Friends of Big Bear Valley

)

With Jackie gone, Stagnaro has started to turn her affection to Shadow, whom she described as a “stud” and a “great dad.”

“He is amazing too, and … I do hope there's another mate for him,” she said. “And I do hope they keep it at this nest, you know?”

State officials and orgs are still mourning

Jackie’s legacy extends beyond the individual impact to institutions and state leaders, including Gov. Gavin Newsom.

“California mourns Jackie, the Big Bear bald eagle who reminded us of the beauty and wonder of California’s wildlife, and our shared responsibility to protect the habitats that sustain it," Newsom said in a statement Tuesday.

Visit Big Bear said Jackie captured the hearts of the mountain community and so many beyond.

“We know you are with Sandy now, watching over Big Bear together,” the group said on social media. Sandy Steers, the late leader of Friends of Big Bear Valley, died in February.

The San Bernardino County Fire Protection District, which kept watch over Jackie while she was waiting for rescuers, said it was inspiring to see the community come together with compassion and concern for her well-being.

The Institute for Wildlife Studies, which helped bald eagles return to Southern California’s Channel Islands, said Jackie became a powerful symbol of resilience, beauty and the importance of protecting wildlife.

“While we mourn her passing, we also reflect with gratitude on the legacy she leaves behind,” the institute said on social media Tuesday. “May Jackie’s story continue to inspire compassion for wildlife, stewardship of natural places, and a commitment to protecting bald eagles and other wild species.”

Support ‘In honor of Jackie’

The Ojai Raptor Center, which gave Jackie intensive care for about three weeks, is still seeing a flood of donations after her death, according to its website.

Around 20,000 people have supported its bald eagle recovery campaign. Thousands of dollars were donated throughout Tuesday and Wednesday, along with messages like, “In honor of Jackie and all you did to save her,” and, “ALL OF YOU ARE HEROES for your dedication & tireless work for Jackie and every animal you care for."

Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers may soon be outfitted with gloves that can deliver painful electric shocks intended to gain compliance from combative individuals.

ICE plans to spend up to $20 million to purchase thousands of “conductive distraction and de-escalation devices” for officers and agents by March, according to a notice published Monday by the Department of Homeland Security.

The devices are known as the G.L.O.V.E., which stands for Generated Low Output Voltage Emitter, and are manufactured by Compliant Technologies LLC of Lexington, Kentucky. They have been used in recent years by some jails and police departments.

DHS said Tuesday that it was working on a response to an Associated Press inquiry and offered no immediate comment. Jeff Niklaus, the founder and chief executive of Compliant Technologies, wrote in an email, “Unfortunately, we are unable to speak on this subject.”

The notice said the solicitation for a no-bid contract could be published as early as Friday.

Civil rights advocates expressed alarm at the plan, saying ICE officers already face criticism for their use of force with little oversight or accountability while enforcing President Donald Trump’s immigration crackdown.

Compliant Technologies says the devices function as a normal pair of patrol gloves until officers press a switch to activate their electrical mode. The gloves must be applied directly to someone’s skin to deliver a pain stimulus that typically helps an officer gain compliance within seconds, according to the company.

“It’s immediate and sharp, and it will distract you. I call it like a bee sting,” said John Peters, president of the Institute for the Prevention of In-Custody Deaths, who is studying how the device has been used. “If the officer is getting any type of resistance from the person, this is certainly an effective tool.”

Peters said he believed ICE’s planned purchase would likely be the largest from the company to date. He said he could envision ICE officers using the gloves to help remove uncooperative subjects from cars and houses and in and out of detention facilities.

“For smaller officers or weaker officers or older officers, I think it has a great advantage” because it can produce faster takedowns and shorten confrontations, he said.

The manufacturer warns the device should not be used as punishment, against people merely exhibiting “verbal defiance or belligerence” or on high-risk populations such as children, pregnant women or elderly or disabled people.

Jenn Rolnick Borchetta, deputy project director on policing at the American Civil Liberties Union, said the public should have no confidence that ICE officers will use the devices appropriately. She questioned why the devices would be necessary for civil immigration enforcement and noted those getting shocked might have no advance warning.

“ICE spent the last year showing this country they are too quick to use force. Now they will be able to deploy electric shocks with the slight push of a button that maybe nobody else can see them do,” she said. “Introducing gloves that can so easily be used to deliver terrible pain in encounters is a recipe for harm to the public.”

Supporters say the devices are generally used in specific jail and transport situations, rather than broadly to patrol on the streets. They have been used to subdue violent suspects who are refusing to get into squad cars and inmates who are harming themselves and threatening officers, according to Compliant Technologies.

Peters said he expected the devices to be misused by a small number of employees, as with other policing technologies, but he said they are unlikely to cause injuries. He said it would be important for ICE to have robust policies and training in place.

To use the device, officers must complete a course and be recertified every two years, the manufacturer says.