The Brief

Since last spring, Los Angeles community colleges have been rolling out a number of classes in Spanish — not classes to learn Spanish, but classes where Spanish speakers can learn other subjects.

The expansion of “in-language” classes is part of a national effort to better serve community college students whose first language isn’t English. This population is “a large and growing segment of the community college student population,” whose educational needs have not been widely evaluated.

And in California, the movement is also a reversal of nearly a century and a half of policy that has minimized Spanish, since the state’s constitution was ratified in 1879.

To understand the reversal at LACCD, though, one must start with a family’s move to Los Angeles.

Educated, but not in English

On a recent visit to his childhood home in South Los Angeles, 50-year-old Gabriel Buelna heard his parents talk at the dinner table about one of the biggest challenges they faced when they came to L.A. in the mid-1960s.

“I understood a little bit of English, not a lot,” his mother Lilia Buelna said. She had taken office skills classes in Mexico for four years and worked for an engineering firm in Tijuana before moving to L.A.

Her search for English classes had as much to do with navigating life in her new home, she said, as it did with continuing her education.

“[I wanted] to earn my high school diploma and from there study something else, like business,” she said.

She and her husband, Enrique Buelna, moved into the South L.A. house after they married in 1963. He’d lived there for about five years and also struggled to find classes beyond the rudimentary language skills. They said the classes they found at the local church, high school, and community college didn’t build on the education both already had.

A 1963 wedding portrait of Gabriel Buelna’s parents: Lilia and Enrique Buelna, who married in Tijuana, Mexico, where this picture was taken.

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“They didn’t teach well. I wasn’t satisfied [with the classes]. [Teachers] would tell you ‘Write dog 20 times,’” Enrique Buelna said.

In Mexico, he’d also taken office skills courses and worked in Mexico’s equivalent of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency. In the United States he worked for a furniture manufacturer that was eventually bought and run by the employees, including him. He said he wishes he could have overcome the English language barrier to take business administration classes, because that would have prepared him for the kind of decisions he’d have to make at the furniture business.

“Knowing what to do if someone gave you a bogus check or how to deal with vendors. I had little knowledge of buying and selling [at that level],” Buelna said.

It ended up costing him and the other owners of the company a lot.

Enrique Buelna, 90, went to various schools to learn English, but was unsatisfied with the quality of classes, he says. In 1983, the sofa factory he owned burned down and Buelna lost everything. “I wish I would’ve known more about insurance, and the laws — but there was always that language barrier that made it hard to know what I needed for myself and my business.”

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“We forgot to buy insurance,” Enrique Buelna said. A fire, he said, destroyed most of the business.

Their son, Gabriel Buelna, hears these stories differently now than he did when he was a kid. He practices family law, holds a doctorate in political science and teaches Chicano studies classes at CSU Northridge.

“Their capacity was hindered. There was an immigrant ceiling … they come from Mexico with some level of education … they're trying to enter the business class, they're trying to do that and the language component is the biggest anchor,” he said.

But it’s the hat he’s been wearing since 2017 that he’s used to turn his parents’ experiences, and his opinions and views of the immigrant experience, into change for public higher education. That’s when Buelna was elected trustee for the L.A. Community College District board, the policymaking body for nine campuses that enroll over 200,000 students.

“The narrative has shifted from [my parents’ time], which was ‘too bad, so sad, learn English … you're in the United States’ to where now I think the question is, do we as leaders have an obligation to allow all of our citizens to hit their maximum capacity … for folks to do that in a way that works for them,” he said.

Lilia Buelna, 78, studied business and accounting in Sinaloa, Mexico, where she is from. When Buelna moved to the United States, she taught herself English by reading the dictionary and frequenting Catholic parish ministries throughout South Los Angeles. Buelna still keeps English dictionaries around the house.

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Last year, in a one-year term as board president, Buelna expanded the number of career and technical classes offered in foreign languages, the vast majority in Spanish, and called them “in-language” classes.

Buelna and district administrators sidestepped a state requirement that students enrolled in these classes also be enrolled in English as a second language classes. They justified the action by saying that their institution should remove barriers that exist for students to enroll in career education classes, and if English is one of those barriers, then the classes should be offered in the students’ native language.

By the numbers

Classes are mostly in Spanish, but some are taught in both English and Spanish while others are in Armenian, Russian, Mandarin and Korean, Buelna said.

The classes first rolled out on a small scale this past winter, with 313 students enrolled in 15 language classes. Enrollment grew to almost 1,500 students in 59 classes in spring. Enrollment in this fall semester’s 30 in-language classes hit a high of 1,572 students as of Sept. 6, according to Buelna.

The classes have ranged from automotive, culinary, and sewing to a variety of office skills classes, such as intro to spreadsheets.

A survey conducted by the community college district suggested the classes are tapping into an unmet need. About 75% of respondents said they speak two or more languages at home, the most common by far (74%) being Spanish. Armenian, Tagalog, Russian, Chinese languages, and French each were spoken by roughly 3% of respondents.

Nearly two thirds of respondents said they would be interested in taking classes in a language other than English. The most popular subjects chosen were education, health sciences, business and arts.

The survey also revealed resistance. Nearly 20% of respondents said they would not take such a class.

“I’m totally against the classes being taught [in] other than English except foreign languages. We should be united using a language,” one respondent answered.

What an in-language class is like

There are two groups of people waiting to be admitted to the Mexican consulate next to L.A.’s MacArthur Park. The first group is there to process passports and other government documents. The second, much smaller group by an unmarked door, is waiting to be let into Vocational Education 320: Overview of Health Sectors & In Home Support Services, a class offered by East Los Angeles College in conjunction with the consulate.

“Yesterday we talked about the different nursing careers,” class instructor Adrianne Villalvazo said, in Spanish, to 16 people in one of the consulate’s meeting rooms as class begins.

Villalvazo finished medical school a few years ago, she said, and plans to practice family medicine. During the three-hour class, she shows students a video in Spanish that explains a phlebotomist’s training to draw blood, shows a chart listing the average pay for health careers, and listens as one of the students stands in front of the class with hand-drawn illustrations and explains the work of a physical therapist.

Dulce Guzman presented that last one. She moved to L.A. from Mexico City 15 years ago. “I like learning in general,” she said. “I also want to learn about the elderly because I notice that they’re among the most neglected in our communities.”

“I knew I had one year to get policies done,” Gabriel Buelna said, regarding his re-election for the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees in 2022. “With that one year, I took advantage.”

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Since arriving in L.A. she’s worked in restaurants and cleaning hotel rooms. She currently works as a caregiver, she said, for county-provided in-home support services. Her dream is to open a child care business and to earn her caregiving certification.

“My calling right now in my heart, the universe is telling me right now, to take care of older people, I think I’m good,” said Antonio Mungia, who moved to L.A. from central Mexico 23 years ago. He’s worked in restaurants and had an office job after taking an office skills course. His most recent job was taking care of a terminally ill woman who died while he was taking this class.

He hopes to learn how to take blood pressure, administer oxygen, and the ins and outs of adult diapers. He chose this class because it’s given in Spanish.

“There is nothing like learning in your own language, the language you were born with, the language that you speak,” he said.

Sacramento may scale L.A. offerings

By state law, English is to be the language of instruction in California community colleges; students who take classes in languages other than English (except those to learn a foreign language) must also enroll in English as a second language classes.

But that English-only policy was born out of xenophobic times in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

“Many California community colleges are technically Hispanic-Serving Institutions,” which means they enroll a certain percentage of Hispanic students, said Federick Ngo, a higher education policy expert at University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

“Those institutions are kind of grappling with their identity and their mission in light of who they're actually enrolling, and so it does make sense that if you have a large Spanish-speaking population, that you would want to perhaps expand course offerings [in Spanish],” he said.

Other experts say that creating a learning space in a student’s native language increases the opportunities for learning success which in turn nurtures excitement about learning and understanding.

More community colleges may be on their way to creating such spaces.

California Assembly Bill 1096, authored by Assemblyman Mike Fong, is making its way through the legislative process. If approved, it would suspend the English as a second language requirement in community colleges.

LACCD Trustee Gabriel Buelna wants to see in-language instruction expanded to math, biology, literature, and other classes in order “to meet that need [to learn], and for language rights to be seen as equal and not second or third class,” he said.

The number of people in the U.S. who speak a language other than English has been rising. LACCD’s in-language classes are set to help adult learners enter work places where the ability to speak multiple languages is an asset.

“It seems to me to be a very student-centered approach, responsive to [LACCD’s] local labor markets and communities,” said Nikki Edgecombe, a research scholar at the Community College Research Center at Teachers College in New York.

Edgecombe added that LACCD is further along in this effort than other institutions of which she’s aware. The next step, she said, is to measure whether students taking these classes reached their job and education goals and, if so, what will expansion of these classes mean for the surrounding areas.

“How can we affirm the linguistic diversity of our communities and leverage that linguistic diversity to support healthy communities, to have more workers with some post-secondary training that can then work in support and serve those communities better?” she said.

“Una persona que sabe dos idiomas vale más,” said 90-year-old Enrique Buelna as he talked about making sure his kids spoke English and Spanish. The phrase translates to, “A person who knows two languages is worth more.”

The key word is worth. His son Gabriel believes Spanish speakers have been seeking the return of self-worth that nearly a century and a half of public policies have taken away from them.

Today will be dry and warm. Expect temperatures in the mid-to-low 90s in some areas, as a heat advisory is in effect for much of L.A. County between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m.

Wind speeds between 30 and 40 miles per hour can be expected in the valleys. In downtown L.A. and along the coasts, the gusts will be a bit weaker, between 15 and 20 miles per hour.

The increased temperatures are fueled by northeasterly winds originating in Nevada’s Great Basin that have pushed their way into Los Angeles, resulting in moderate Santa Ana winds.

Bryan Lewis, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Oxnard, says to expect areas around downtown L.A. to hit at least 90 degrees.

“Pretty warm temperatures for this time of year, in general," he said. “Even all the way down to the coast, we're going to see some very warm temperatures, upper 80s to low 90s.”

Temperatures are expected to cool down for the next couple of days as the Santa Ana winds dissipate, but they’re likely to pick back up on Wednesday.

Higher temperatures — between 80 and 90 degrees — could last until Friday.

Across much of the United States and Canada, daylight saving time begins Sunday at 2:00 a.m. local time.

Most people will turn their clocks forward an hour, trading an hour of sunlight in the mornings for more daylight at the end of the day. When it ends, clocks will turn backward by an hour nearly eight months later to have more morning light in the darkest days of winter.

But British Columbia will switch their clocks for the last time — ushering in a new era of permanent daylight saving time. The switch was supported by "more than 90% of British Columbians," said David Eby, premier of British Columbia.

"The way that we live our lives now in the modern era, having an extra hour of sunlight at the end of the day, whether it's the winter or the summer, makes a big difference for people," Eby told NPR's Adrian Ma on All Things Considered.

While the idea may be a popular one among British Columbia residents, experts in sleep medicine and public health are not fans of the time change.

"Daylight saving time has been shown to have a lot of negative effects," said Emily Manoogian, a senior staff scientist at the Salk Institute and an executive member of the Center for Circadian Biology at the University of California, San Diego. "And actually the United States tried permanent daylight savings in the '70s for one year. It was so awful that they reverted it almost immediately."

People went to work in the dark and children walked to school in the dark. And then, "there were a few fatal car accidents," she said, which led to the reversal.

Eby acknowledged health risks, but added that people in his province are used to waking up in the dark and taking their kids to school in the dark during the winter.

"We're on the very western edge of the time zone, and so we have dark mornings anyway," he said. "People really want that hour at the end of the day."

Why daylight saving is bad for our bodies

While our modern world and lifestyles may favor permanent daylight saving, our biology supports a permanent standard time. That's because our internal circadian clocks — which control not just our sleep-wake cycle, but also our cardiac and metabolic pathways — are synced to daylight, according to Manoogian.

"Light is the largest cue to coordinate behavior," she said. When we wake up and our eyes detect sunlight, they send a signal to the brain to tell the rest of the body to wake up and gear up for the day.

"So when you're not getting light in the morning, your body thinks it's not morning yet," she explained. "And it's very hard to just force your body to wake up without that light."

Similarly, in the evenings, when it's bright outside, our bodies find it harder to go to sleep. And it's easy to get stuck in a cycle of later bedtimes and a tougher time waking up in the mornings. That cycle can affect our cognitive functioning during the day and our metabolism all day long. This has widespread public health impacts, said Manoogian. It can also lead to more car accidents, heart attacks and strokes in the week following the start of daylight saving time.

"We know that sleeping, eating, getting light at the wrong time is a huge risk for cardiometabolic disease," said Manoogian. "Every medical and scientific society would argue we should never go to daylight saving time. It was originally created to try to save energy, [but] evidence has shown it does not save energy."

A study by Stanford researchers published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in September 2025 found that switching our clocks twice a year takes a massive public health toll, primarily by driving up the number of strokes and cases of obesity per year. It also found that switching permanently to standard time would result in 300,000 fewer people having strokes and more than 2 million fewer cases of obesity.

"When we can realign better to our environment, we get better sleep," said Manoogian. "We have lower risks of almost any chronic disease you can imagine — cardiometabolic, cancer, even depression, bipolar disorder."

The Stanford researchers also found that permanent daylight saving reduced the number of strokes and obesity, but less so than permanent standard time. In other words, as Manoogian puts it, "the health benefits of standard time are pretty great."

Soften the blow of time change on your body

If you're concerned about how daylight saving time might affect your and your family's health, Manoogian has some tips to soften the transition on your body.

• Get enough light in the mornings: If the sun is out when you wake up, make sure you get enough light, said Manoogian. If it's dark when you wake up, at least turn on as many lights in your home as possible. 
• Prioritize getting enough sleep: Seven to nine hours of sleep is considered ideal for adults, with some people needing closer to seven and others needing closer to nine hours. You know what your body needs, so make sure you get that. "Consistency is also key," said Manoogian. So try to get the same amount of sleep every night. 
• Have consistent meal times: "Keeping a consistent eating pattern to the part of the day when you're active and best able to process food can have dramatic health benefits," she said. That might mean waiting an hour or two after you wake up to eat breakfast and keeping all meals to within an eight-to-10-hour window. "It can decrease Hb1C, which is kind of the gold standard for measuring blood glucose," she says. "It also is shown to decrease cholesterol in animal studies. It's shown to increase health span and even lifespan." 
• Ease kids into the time shift: "Usually what we do for our family is we try to shift like 20 minutes a day over like three days," said Manoogian, who has two children. "That can go a long way" toward helping kids' bodies to adjust to the shift forward.

Copyright 2026 NPR

Happy Daylight Saving, when time is bent so mere mortals can have more time to play in the sunshine.

It's a reminder of how much we treat the sun as an inalienable right here in L.A., as we emerge from months of long nights when darkness descends at the inconvenient hour of, say, 4:30 p.m.

For artists, filmmakers, writers, the light of Los Angeles has been a source of inspiration.

The late David Lynch was an avowed fan. He wrote about its transformative quality in his 2006 book of musings and reflections, "Catching the Big Fish: Meditation, Consciousness, and Creativity."

"The light is inspiring and energizing. Even with smog, there’s something about that light that’s not harsh, but bright and smooth. It fills me with the feeling that all possibilities are available. I don’t know why. It’s different from the light in other places," Lynch recounted.

That same L.A. glow was memorialized in the New Yorker three decades ago by writer Lawrence Weschler, who chopped it up with a constellation of notable names in the arts, sciences and beyond — including the great Vin Scully — about the light that the writer "pined for every day" since leaving Southern California.

Actually, it's pollution

All this sweet talk rankles  Paul Wennberg, who teaches air pollution chemistry at Caltech. He and his research team have worked to reduce pollution in cities across Asia, Mexico and the U.S.

 "They're waxing poetic about the L.A. glow," he said. "A lot of it is caused by smog."

L.A. glow

Wennberg is not talking about the glorious magic hour sunsets, but the gentle sunlight we've come to associate with Los Angeles.

The kind of light that doesn't produce harsh, defined shadows. And why not? Because of the many tiny particles of smog in the air that are perfectly sized to ricochet light in all conceivable directions.

"It's all the pollution in the air that is scattering, as we say, redirecting the light from the sun," he said.

That process, Wennberg said, makes the air "glow, literally."

Lynch’s "bright and smooth."

"This is why artists say they like Los Angeles — it's because the light comes at us from all directions," he said.

And on really polluted days, Wennberg continued, the sky looks overcast. "It keeps us from having shadows."

That means we're actually getting less sunlight, says Suzanne Paulson, director of the Center for Clean Air and a professor at UCLA.

" It varies obviously from day to day, but it can be easily half the sunlight that is actually not reaching the ground because of the pollution," Paulson said.

The drastic difference on a non-polluted day — with its full direct sun casting hard shadows — can be seen on clear days, like during the Santa Anas.

Those winds can be “so strong that they come and basically scour out the whole basin and push all the smog off the coast," Paulson said. "And sometimes you can see this smog layer out over the ocean."

Even as the L.A. light continues its glow, both Wennberg and Paulson said the bad air we experience here in 2026 is nothing like what it was in decades past — thanks to the pioneering work done by the state and the city.

'L.A. smog'

The first major Los Angeles smog event happened July 26, 1943, and caused panic among the populace who feared the ominous dark haze was a Japanese chemical attack.

In essence, that was the birth of photochemical smog, often known as L.A. smog, distinct from other serious episodes that had happened in the winter elsewhere.

But how it was different chemically wasn't known until the early 1950s, when Caltech professor Arie Haagen-Smit discovered that certain tailpipe pollutants along with industrial emissions get baked by intense sunlight — and result in L.A. smog.

By then, the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District was formed, the first in the nation. It was merged with similar entities in Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties to create the South Coast Air Quality Management District in 1977.

"The air quality was horrendous," Paulson said.

But through hundreds of laws, from those regulating consumer products like lighter fluid or oil paint, to requiring reformulated gasoline and catalytic converters for cars, the air has become dramatically healthier.

"Over the years in California, we have really led the world and made what has been a crowning achievement," she said. " The air is 70, 80% cleaner than it was."

So much has been done, she said, that regulations have just about reached their limits.

"We've done all the easy things, and it's just really hard to find additional things that we can regulate to improve the air quality," she said.

Bigger changes — for example, electrifying more vehicles and appliances, and burning less fossil fuel — will be needed to curb pollution further. Because even at reduced levels, pollutants are still harmful, leading to not just respiratory illnesses but cardiovascular issues and environmental degradation.

Are we special?

So is the L.A. light unique?

Los Angeles's geological features — our mountains that trap heat, deserts that produce hot winds and coasts that create cool sea breezes — all contribute to pollution being held close to ground in a process known as inversion, Paulson and Wennberg noted.

And the stuff just sits there, stubbornly shrouding the city until the winds come to chase it away.

But no, the glow in L.A. isn't special, said Wennberg at Caltech, but our romanticization of it is. And if you are ever curious if pollution is around, he said just look at the ground.

" You'll see a shadow, but it'll be much less sharp," he said.  "When I see the really bad pollution here, it still makes me very sad. I think we need to, you know, make shadows great again."

When Tina Trahan first stepped into the Studio City house made famous by The Brady Bunch, she thought, “I have to have it.”

The art collector grew up watching the classic family sitcom and was struck by a rush of familiarity in the mid-century, split-level house used in the sitcom’s exterior shots.

The Brady Bunch house in North Hollywood, CA on Saturday, Aug. 16, 2025.

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“It feels like you walked into your childhood home when you were 10 years old,” Trahan said. “I thought, ‘No one can get this feeling anywhere else.’”

Her 2023 purchase has led to something more: The Brady Bunch house is now officially a Los Angeles landmark, putting it in the same league as the Griffith Observatory and the Hollywood Bowl.

The City Council last Wednesday granted the house at 11222 Dilling St. historic-cultural monument status — the culmination of a two-year campaign Trahan embarked on to preserve the house for future generations of fans.

Tina Trahan painstakingly recreated the sets of the Brady Bunch.

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“People are really, really connected to the whole TV show,” Trahan said. “It just made me realize, what if I get hit by a bus tomorrow? Is there anything I can do to preserve this?”

Now, as a historic-cultural monument, the house can’t undergo demolition or major changes by any future owners without city review.

The Zillow listing

The Brady Bunch, which debuted in 1969, isn’t even Trahan’s favorite sitcom. That honor is reserved for Three’s Company.

The living room has been recreated to look like the TV show’s iconic set, with the open staircase and mid-century décor.

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But growing up in front of the TV as a kid in the Chicago suburbs, she came to know The Brady Bunch episodes by heart from years of syndicated reruns.

Decades later, when she was on the hunt for a new house, she caught sight of the Brady Bunch house while scrolling through Zillow.

She stopped at a photo of an open floating staircase that looked just like the one the Brady kids barreled down on their way to the next family misadventure, always neatly wrapped up by episode’s end.

HGTV had put the house up for sale, after previously gutting the interior for a reality series with the original cast and rebuilding it to match the show’s sets.

Not everyone approved of the $3.2 million purchase, including Chris Albrecht, Trahan’s husband and the former HBO chief who oversaw shows like The Sopranos and Sex and the City in the late '90s and early 2000s.

Owner Tina Trahan had three elephant stuffed animals made for the girls' room until she settled on the right size.

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“He said, ‘Have you lost your mind?’” Trahan said. “He was under the impression that I wanted to move into it.”

But Trahan said she cares too much about preserving the house to ever live in it.

“What if someone drops a meatball on the sofa, or something?” she said. “I would have a nervous breakdown.”

Over the last couple of years, she’s added some 400 items to the rooms, easter eggs nodding to different episodes — like the flashlight that oldest brother Greg used to fake a UFO sighting and the stuffed giraffe in the room shared by the three girls. Trahan had three different giraffes made until she settled on the right size.

Fan destination

Trahan has also opened up the house for tours, raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for charities like No Kid Hungry, the John Ritter Foundation and Wags and Walks, from where she’s adopted elderly and disabled dogs.

She said the actors who portrayed the Brady kids — including Christopher Knight, who played Peter, and Maureen McCormick, who was Marcia — gamely take part in the fundraisers at the house.

The Brady Bunch cast members continue to support the show's legacy and appear at fundraisers.

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“They could not have found six people to better represent that show,” she said.

In the time that she’s owned the house, Trahan said she’s come to realize that Brady Bunch fans aren’t fading away, but continuing to grow in number.

The show has essentially been in nonstop reruns on various channels since its original run ended in 1974, and is also available to stream. Every day, fans of all ages make the pilgrimage to Studio City to take selfies in front of the house.

Tina Trahan sits on a Plymouth Satellite wagon she bought for the house. It's,like the ones the Bradys drove on the show.

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“I just don't want that taken away from people who it means so much to,” Trahan said.

So Trahan set her sights on landmark status, and brought in legal and preservation experts to help make the case. Among them was Heather Goers, an architectural historian who also worked on getting Marilyn Monroe’s Brentwood home designated as a historic-cultural monument in 2024.

Protecting a pop culture icon 

Trahan thought the team had an uphill battle, given the fact that the house was not very old (having been built in 1959) and that only the exterior was filmed for the show.

“I'm sure there are people that are like ‘But wait, that's not historical,'” Trahan said.

But then the nomination was approved by the Cultural Heritage Commission, which Trahan said surprised her by extending the historic-cultural designation to the interior, even though it had been thoroughly remodeled.

Then came approvals by the Planning and Land Use Management Committee of the City Council and finally the full council.

Tina Trahan's eye for detail extended to the backyard of the Brady House.

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“It was a relief because it’s been two years I’ve been working on this,” Trahan said. “It’s been a long, long road.”

So how does it feel to own a landmark? Trahan says not much has changed — except she now needs a new homeowner’s insurance policy.

Her insurer canceled coverage last week after news broke that the house had gained landmark status.

Historic homes are seen as pricier and trickier to insure — but a small tradeoff she's willing to accept to protect a piece of TV history.