After 10 years of bilingual education in California, demand is high but teacher supply low

In 2017, only about 400 public schools in the state offered bilingual education.

But in the 10 years since voters approved Prop 58 overturning the ban on bilingual teaching, that number has now grown to more than 1,000.

It's still not enough to meet the demand from parents and caregivers who want their kids to have the advantages of bilingualism, as well as academic support for Spanish and other languages spoken at home.

California officials now want to increase the number of public schools to 1,600 by 2030.

“These programs have expanded quickly, but these schools continue to really struggle to find and retain the teachers to teach in them,” said Cati de los Rios, an associate professor of language, literacy, and culture at UC Berkeley.

She said the lag in the teacher pipeline is the main problem. The bilingual education ban, approved by voters in 1998 through Prop. 227, also shriveled up university training programs for bilingual teachers.

There are signs of recovery. The number of teachers trained in bilingual education in California has grown to a record of nearly 1,400 in the 2023-2024 school year.

Educators feel the momentum is growing. On Saturday, some of them are set to gather at California State University, Dominguez Hills for a yearly Bilingual Teacher Conference to take advantage of that energy.

“It's a celebration … to highlight the importance and the beauty of being bilingual and supporting our students and our families and our communities to really embrace bilingualism,” said Elexia Reyes-McGovern, a professor of teacher education at the campus.

The keynote speaker, she said, will talk about how teachers can nurture students’ thinking about mathematics in English and a second language.

Other languages

A report out this year signaled that the vast majority of the bilingual education teacher graduates received training to teach Spanish and English, but the number of graduates across the state authorized to teach other languages, such as Mandarin, Vietnamese and Armenian also grew.

Leslie Cortes Sanchez, a 2023 - 2024 bilingual education teacher trainee in UC Berkeley’s Teacher Education program, in a California classroom.

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Manny Herrera

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Courtesy Cati de los Rios

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“[I taught] two sisters and they were twins, and they came from Guatemala,” said Cristal Guadarrama, who teaches fifth grade Spanish-English dual language in South L.A.

She crafted a lesson one day, she says, around those students’ indigenous language, in particular the word for table, which was similar to the Spanish word.

“That was showing the other kids, like, ‘oh wow, there's so many similarities within the language. It's just like a change of letters.’ So then they started wanting to learn,” she said.

Research shows students in bilingual programs attend school more regularly and help recent immigrants enter all-English classes faster than without bilingual support.

California’s been engaged in a policy back and forth with bilingualism and multilingualism for over 150 years. For now, the anniversary of Prop. 58’s approval suggests a future that’s more embracing of non-English languages as an asset to learning, rather than a liability.

“We've changed the mindset of this kind of linguistic supremacy of English-only monolingualism being the present and the future,” de los Rios said.